Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Human Geography > Unit 7 Development > Flashcards

Unit 7 Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

development

A

the process of improving the conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three factors in HDI

A

standard of living (GNI per capita), knowledge (mean yrs of schooling), and health (life expectancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IDHI)

A

HDI adjusted by the GINI coefficient to account for inequality. Lower/greater difference=more inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Wallersteins world systems model

A

a dependency model developed during colonialism/imperialism that puts countries in core or periphery categories (can be seen as structuralist), explaining how the global economy and development works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

core countries (NA, western Europe, australia)

A
  • more developed and wealthy
  • more high skill tertiary jobs
  • high levels of education
  • high access to tech
  • more infrastructure
  • exploit LDCs for cheap labor and natural resources
  • headquarters of transnational
  • more economically diverse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

periphery countries (Africa, SE asia, etc)

A
  • less developed and less wealthy
    -mostly low skill primary and secondary jobs
  • low levels of education
  • more gender inequality
  • more poverty
  • less infrastructure
  • weak, less central governments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

semi periphery countries (Mexico, China, India, etc)

A

it is a mix of core and periphery processes, countries moving toward industrialization, urbanization, and diversified economy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is the periphery exploited by the core

A

The core (transnational companies) exploits the periphery for their cheap, low skilled labor, and raw materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

three factors in GII

A

reproductive health, empowerment, and labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reproductive health in GII

A

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) - rate of women dying giving childbirth. Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR) - rate of teenage pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

empowerment in GII

A

Share of preliminary seats and % who attained secondary education (highschool)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gross national income (GNI) and GNI per capita

A

GNI - all income earned by individuals and businesses (compensation + investments) in the formal market, including money earned abroad
per capita - GNI divided by # of people (average)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

limitations of GNI per capita

A

doesn’t account for the inequalities within the distribution of wealth, and doesn’t account for the informal economy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

formal economy

A

taxed and regulated by gov - more stable, better pay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

informal economy

A

Neither taxed nor monitored by gov - less stable, low pay, more common in LDCs, can be illegal, and includes home workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secondary jobs

A

manufacturing and refining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tertiary jobs

A

service jobs. Quaternary (intellectual/data driven), Quinary (decision making)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

primary jobs

A

extraction of raw materials from earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

productivity

A

how efficiently a product is made. comparison of a good’s value vs the raw materials, labor, and energy required to make it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

consumer goods

A

goods purchased, transportation and communications being especially important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mean yrs of schooling

A

the average # of yrs adults have gone to school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

life expectancy

A

the average # of yrs a newborn infant is expected to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

infant mortality rate

A

probability that a child dies before age 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Brandts Line/North-South split

A

A line drawn to divide the Earth into a north (INCLUDING Japan and Oceania) and south.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

effects of economic globalization on incomes

A

MDCs - high skilled workers benefit, low skilled workers don’t
LDCs - areas connected to core benefit, others don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

primary jobs over time

A

decreased drastically in MDCs due to mechanization in late 1800s early 1900s, while starting to decrease in LDCs (higher % in LDCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

secondary jobs over time

A

decreased in MDCs since the 80s due to automation and deindustrialization (relocation of low skill jobs to low wage regions), while increasing in LDCs (NOW higher % in LDCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

tertiary jobs over time

A

continually increasing in MDCs, should increasing in LDCs with development (higher % in MDCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

neo-colonialism

A

new form of control. the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control/influence other countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

structuralist

A

some models are seen this way because they state the difficult to change roles that countries play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

industry

A

persistance of creating value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

industrial revolution

A

series of improvements in industrial tech, transforming the process of manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

shift in distribution of manufacturing

A

dispersed cottage industry (home based) to clustered factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how did industry change as result of industrial revolution

A

increased productivity, higher standards of living, and population growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

origin of industrial revolution

A

northern england/southern scotland in late 1700s. later spread to western europe and N.A. in 1800s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where was industry clustered initially

A

industry was centered in large cities where there were large markets, big labor force (lots of farmers and immigrants), access to RRs, and access to capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

deindustrialization

A

relocation of low skill jobs to low wage areas. loss of industry and manufacturing jobs (especially in MDCs). due to economic globalization, mechanization, and free trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

industry site factors

A

labor, capital, land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

labor intensive industry

A

wages make up high % of expenses (not necessarily high pay)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

capital intensive industry

A

wages make up little % of expenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

capital

A

loans for investment, machinery, and inventory (funds needed to establish factories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

land

A

also includes environment factors (utilities). bid-rent theory = land is more expensive closer to marker/city center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

situation factors in industry

A

proximity and transportation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

New International Division of Labor (economic globalization)

A

companies in MDCs moving low-skill, labor-intensive, industrial jobs to LDCs - retaining high skill tertiary jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

effect of NIDL on MDCs

A

relocation of secondary jobs to LDCs leads to the loss of these less skilled manufacturing jobs in MDCs (replaced by low skill tertiary). Meanwhile, tertiary sector (quaternary and quinary) benefit because of higher corporate gains, investment portfolios, and cheaper consumer goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

effect of NIDL on LDCs

A

areas connected to the core develop faster - middle class (consumerism, pop culture, fast food) develops faster. isolated, interior areas see little benefit/change. gives job opportunities to women, but leads to child labor and pollution, while weakening family relations due to migration

47
Q

location theory

A

predicting where businesses should and will be located (to maximize advantage over competitors and profit)

48
Q

friction of distance

A

Increase in time and distance = higher cost

49
Q

Webers Model/least cost theory

A

manufacturers will locate where transportation costs are minimal and agglomeration is beneficial

50
Q

agglomeration

A

lot of companies/industries clustering together, benefiting from close proximity with skilled labor, tech, and financial services

51
Q

bulk gaining industry

A

industries minimizing transportation costs by moving closer to markets because the end product weighs than its inputs (heavier, larger, more fragile). Ex. fabrication of metals, beverages, automoible

52
Q

bulk reducing industry

A

industries minimizing transportation costs by moving closer to the inputs because the inputs weigh more than the outputs (less bulky, lighter). Ex. copper, paper

53
Q

reasons that industries move closer to markets (not weber’s model)

A

-if they’re single market manufacturers (specialized, supplying few customers)
-just-in-time delivery
-perishable products

54
Q

modes of transportation

A

truck, train, airplane, boats. which one depends on several considerations: line costs (transporting), terminal costs (loading, transfer, unloading), and route flexibility

55
Q

truck

A

short distances, most flexible

56
Q

train

A

long distances, least flexible

57
Q

airplane

A

fast but expensive

58
Q

boat

A

slow but low cost per mi/km

59
Q

break of bulk point

A

where transfer between modes takes place. often airports and seaports

60
Q

containerization

A

the use of standard containers for sea shipping, reducing transportation costs. decreased the use of break-of-point shipping

61
Q

entropot

A

seaport where goods are exchanged and stored, facing no import/export duties upon shipment. they would act as middleman’s for trading, removing the need for long distance travel.

62
Q

intraregional shifts in distribution of industry

A

city–>suburban
- due to development of interstate highways resulting in trucking, allowing for relocation away from RR hubs
- cheaper land

63
Q

intraregional shifts in distribution of industry in U.S.

A

Northeast/Midwest–>South/West (Sunbelt)
- Right-to-work laws/non-union, open shop

64
Q

international shifts in distribution of industry

A

MDCs–>LDCs
- cheap labor
- less environmental regulation
- free trade, ez transportation and communication
- outsourcing (shifting production responsibility of individual components to independent suppliers)

65
Q

free trade

A

elimination of trade barriers, such as tariffs (import tax), quotas (# limit), an government subsidies (benefits local/domestic producers)

66
Q

winners/loser with tariffs

A

winners - small domestic companies.
losers - workers in LDCs, large transnational corporations, consumers
- downsides: less competition (resulting in less innovation), higher consumer costs, less economic growth

67
Q

winners/loser without tariffs

A

winners - large transnational companies, consumers, skilled workers in MDCs, secondary jobs in LDCs (only connected to core)
losers - small domestic companies, secondary jobs in MDCs

68
Q

neoliberalism

A

theory that suggests reducing government intervention in economy (eliminating trade barriers)

69
Q

Rostows International Trade Model

A

Opens up to foreign investment and international markets, engaging in free trade. Identifies its valuable assets to enter global trade. an optimistic model

70
Q

five stages of Int’l trade model

A
  • traditional society
  • preconditions to “take-off”
  • takeoff
  • drive to Maturity
  • age of Mass Consumption
71
Q

traditional society

A
  • subsistence farming
  • large % of gov funds spent on military and religion
  • rigid social structure
  • technology changing slowly
72
Q

preconditions to takeoff

A
  • elite, well educated group take lead
  • identifies valuable assets
  • investment in infrastructure and technology
73
Q

takeoff

A
  • rapid growth in limited industries
  • these industries achieve technological advances and become productive
74
Q

drive to maturity

A
  • tech diffuses to wide variety of industries
  • workers become more skilled and specialized
  • increasing int’l trade
  • modernization
  • slowing pop growth
75
Q

age of mass consumption

A
  • shift from heavy industry to consumer goods
  • high incomes
  • majority of workers entering service jobs
76
Q

self sufficiency model

A

protects domestic industries by implementing trade barriers to isolate local companies from competition with large transnational corporations. investment is spread evenly across all sectors of the economy, incomes in countryside are equal with those in cities, and reducing poverty is more important than consumerism (even, but slow development)

77
Q

advantage of int’l trade model

A
  • evidence shows that it is the more effective path to overall development
  • made easier by globalization
  • neoliberalism (dominant theory by end of 20th century)
  • WTO
78
Q

criticisms of self sufficiency

A
  • less incentive to innovate, improve quality/costs, and prioritize sustainable development because of the lack of competition
  • large bureaucracy is required to regulate barriers, and corruption can occur
  • black markets (illegally importing goods)
79
Q

criticisms of int’l trade model

A
  • single commodities, which depend on the world price (susceptible to collapse)
  • commodities often controlled by outsiders (transnational corps)
  • reliance on cash crops = need to buy food (less $$ for investment)
  • income inequality
80
Q

World trade organization (WTO)

A

promotes int’l trade model of development by reducing trade barriers and enforcing trade agreements

81
Q

winners of int’l trade model

A
  • transnational corps
  • people in LDCs connected to core
81
Q

loser of int’l trade model

A
  • low skill workers in MDCs
  • small businesses
82
Q

sustainable development

A

achieves human development goals, conserving natural systems and present needs while without compromising the future

83
Q

neo-malthusian

A

theory that the large population will result in the depletion of resources, that we are overcapacity (deterministic)

84
Q

energy consumption in MDCs vs LDCs

A

50/50 split. However, MDCs have 3x higher per Capita, and there are more LDCs

85
Q

fossil fuels

A

coal, natural gas, oil

86
Q

fracking

A

breaking rocks with liquid at hydraulic pressure to release gas

87
Q

pros and cons of fracking

A

Pros: new jobs, alternative to coal
Cons: earthquakes, and air/water pollution

88
Q

renewable energies

A

biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric power, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power

89
Q

biomass

A

burning wood, animal and plant waste. sometime more energy to grow crops than energy produced. can lead to deforestation and reduce soil fertility

90
Q

geothermic

A

energy from earth interior. most accessible at fault lines and volcanic areas

91
Q

hydroelectric power

A

2nd largest source of electricity after coal

92
Q

nuclear energy

A

high cost, radioactive waste, catastrophic accidents

93
Q

solar energy

A

not consistent, expensive, disallowing grid parity (widespread implementation)

94
Q

wind power

A

noisy, lethal to birds, visually not appealing

95
Q

“cap and trade”/”emissions trading”

A

uses market concept, giving polluters allowances to pollute. unused allowances can be sold, incentivizing less pollution

96
Q

Paris agreement

A

most countries signed it, agreeing to limit global warming to 2 degrees C, and eventually 1.5.

97
Q

environmental racism

A

subjecting poorer (often minority) areas to poor environmental conditions, such as sending hazardous waste to other countries

98
Q

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

A

LDCs getting funding for development, often from transnational corps

99
Q

The World Bank

A

Loans to make reforms, strengthen financial institutions, and infrastructure projects

100
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

Loans to countries with debt payment issues - with the goal of protecting int’l trade. realigns spending priorities, cuts non-productive spending, eliminates govt. bureaucracy, cut/privatize govt. jobs (neo-liberal)

101
Q

Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)

A

non-profits for humanitarian issues, often social-political problems.

102
Q

microcredit program

A

loans to small entrepreneurs in LDCs, guaranteed repayment by others in village. often targeted toward women

103
Q

why is targeting women in microcredit program good

A

because it reducing birth rates, women help children, higher GNI per capita - leading to higher development

104
Q

Export processing zones (EPZ)

A

designated areas where goods can be imported, manufactured, and exported with minimal taxes and regulation, etc for foreign firms, incentivizing business in LDCs, but can lead to unequal development in states. Ex. maquiladoras

105
Q

islands of development

A

concentrated area with significant economic development, attracting businesses and FDI

106
Q

forward capital

A

capital relocated in interior areas, drawing investment there or being a centripetal force (brings people together)

107
Q

development impact in agriculture

A

subsistence farming to commercial farming - resulting in people needing to import food for themselves. also causes dessertification

108
Q

development impact in tourism

A

lots of $$.

109
Q

downsides of tourism

A

high infrastructure spending that can go towards the development of the natives, causing a lot of poverty. creates lots of jobs, but low pay. transnational companies profit mostly

110
Q

ecotourism (sustainable tourism)

A

visits to fragile, pristine, untouched natural areas. low impact and small scale, funds conservation, benefits locals, and increases environmental awareness. however, it threatens indigenous cultures, causes ecosystem degradation, and travelling causes a global impact

111
Q

fair trade

A

products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs.
- small, democratic, high quality products, eco-friendly producing
- collective bargaining, good working conditions, higher wages (producers and workers receive higher % of profits)
- consumer pays more

112
Q

UN sustainability goals

A

social, environmental, and economic

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions