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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 - Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Migration Flashcards

doesn't include international US migration

1
Q

Mobility

A

ability to move places, refers to all movement types. its mostly non permanent though

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2
Q

cyclical/circulation mobility

A

Short-term, repetitive/daily acts of mobility

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3
Q

activity space

A

area where individual moves to pursue regular day-to-day activities. Created by cyclical patterns (commuting).

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4
Q

periodic mobility

A

non permanent mobility for longer time periods. Ex. college students going home, seasonal migrations by birds

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5
Q

migration

A

permanent move to a location, leads to relocation diffusion of culture

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6
Q

immigration vs emigration

A

immigration = coming to
emigration = leaving from
net-in migration = more immigration
net-out = more emmigration

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7
Q

push vs pull factors

A

Push Factors - unfavorable conditions which force people away
Pull Factors - favorable conditions which draw people in

3 major types of both factors:
Economics (opportunity), the biggest
Cultural (freedom - religion, politics, race, etc.)
Environmental (comfort)

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8
Q

economic reasons to push/pull factors

A
  • poverty, no job opportunities, lack of land (push)
  • “overpopulation”, exceeds carrying capacity, stage 2 dtm
  • job opportunities, availability of land (pull)
  • ECONOMICS = biggest migration factor!
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9
Q

environmental reasons to push/pull factors

A
  • Water (too much or too little) = most common
  • Famine, natural disasters (push)
  • Desirable features/climate, etc. (pull)
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10
Q

cultural reasons to push/pull factors

A
  • all other factors
  • Social, political and cultural
  • Persecution
  • war/conflict
  • safety to practice culture (refugees)
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11
Q

intervening obstacles

A

hinder migration

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12
Q

2 types of intervening obstacles

A

1) environmental features (historically) –
- Mountains, oceans, or long distance
- Today, improvements in transportation have reduced environmental obstacles.

2) Today, Political/gov restrictions
- Countries require proper documentation (passport, visa) to leave a country and gain entry to another
- hostile attitudes of citizens once they enter.

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13
Q

two types of migration (spatial types)

A

internal and international

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14
Q

international

A
  • one country to another
  • usually for stage 2
  • voluntary = chosen to move (economic improvement)
  • forced = compelled to move (cultural forces)
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15
Q

internal

A
  • within one country
  • Interregional – 1 region to another (rural–>urban)
  • Intraregional – movement within the same region (city–>suburb) (suburbanization)
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16
Q

mexico migration

A
  • international in-migration from Central America + emigration out of the country to the US.
  • internal migration, interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and rural–>urban intraregional migration into Mexico City.
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17
Q

spatial vs action/reason/motivation differentiation in migration

A

spatial
-Internal (interregional vs. intraregional)
-International (Zelinsky’s Migration Transition, linking spatial dimension of migration to DTM)

action/reason/motivation differentiation
- Forced (refugees vs. internally displaced persons (IDPs))
- Voluntary (Ravenstein’s Laws)

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18
Q

global international migration patterns

A

LDCs –> MDCs
Net Out-Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe
Net In-Migration: North America, W. Europe, + Oceania

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19
Q

Ravensteins Laws of Migration (ways to categorize migration)

A

(1) reasons why migrants move
(2) distance they typically move
(3) the characteristics of migrants (gender, family status)
- based on gravity model: influence of location on another is inversely proportional to distance between and directly proportional to their size

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20
Q

11 Ravenstein Laws

A
  • Most migration is short distance.
  • Migration occurs in steps.
  • Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas (economic hubs).
  • Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (not necessarily of the same volume)
  • Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers.
  • Within own country/region, females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over longer distances
  • Most migrants are adults.
  • Large towns grow more by migration than natural increase.
  • Migration incr. with economic development.
  • Most migration is rural to urban
  • Migration is mostly b/c of economic causes.
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21
Q

refugee

A

forced to migrate to avoid potential threat to their life, cannot return for fear of persecution.

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22
Q

internally displaced person

A

same as migrant but hasn’t crossed int’l border

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23
Q

asylum seeker

A

someone who migrated to another country hoping to be recognized as a refugee, seeking protection in another country since they cant in their home

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24
Q

US and Canada for migration

A

prominent migrant destinations. historically from Europe, but now from Latin america and Asia

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25
Q

main destination states in US

A

California, New York, Florida, and Texas

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26
Q

chain migration

A

movement along kinship links, creates immigration waves; Immigration bubbles from one hearth to same destination (ethnic neighborhoods)

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27
Q

migrant characteristics

A

Gender and Family status/age. most long-distance (international) migrants are working-age adult males rather than women or families w/children or elderly (currently changing)

28
Q

migrant gender

A

International migration
- males outnumbered females
- males more willing to migrate long distances, risk takers
- But in US today = 55% are female

Internal migration
- Women are a more significant short distance migrants (urbanization flow in LDCs)

29
Q

migrant family status/age

A

In the United States today
- about 40% of immigrants = working-age adults
- less elderly/children (this is changing because of incr. in women)

30
Q

two spatial types of internal migration

A

Interregional
- movement between regions
- Perceived economic betterment compels ppl to make these migrations
- Ex. in U.S. westward migration, Great Migration, Rust Belt to Sun Belt

Intraregional
- movement w/in region
- Suburbanization, AKA urban to suburb (suburbs are part of urban area)
- biggest post-WWII migration pattern in US

31
Q

urbanization

A

rapid growth of cities (biggest migration in LDCs /world (stage 2))
- Ppl are moving from rural areas to urban areas.

32
Q

Zelinsky’s Migration Transition

A

stage 2)
-Massive Interregional urbanization
-international out-migration (LDCs → MDCs) begins

3)
-International out-migration (LDCs → MDCs) continues
-Rural to urban continues but slows

4)
- International in-migration (urban areas grow through migration)
- Internal rural to urban stops
- Intraregional migration (suburbanization)

5) Discourage emigration /Encourage immigration?

33
Q

partition of south Asia (largest displacement in histoyr)

A
  • Britain grants independence to “India”
  • Divides into two countries: Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan
    -Significant minorities on wrong side
  • Kashmir territory disputed
  • millions migrate, millions killed
34
Q

internal US settlement patterns

A
  • westward
  • initially, colonial settlement on east coast
  • British limited to coastal areas, intervening obstacle (appalachians)
  • improved transportation opens interior (canals)
35
Q

westward expansion in U.S.

A
  • CA gold rush
  • Greatplains settlement
36
Q

why was there settlement in the great plains

A

1) homestead act (govt. encourages migration)
2) railroads
3) area becomes productive (steel plows, windmills, barbed wire for confining livestock)

37
Q

what is the great migration

A

African Americans from rural south to urban north (two waves - WWI and WWII)

38
Q

push factors of great migration for african americans

A

push - poverty, share cropping, eviction due to mechanized farming, discrimination, Jim crow laws, violent lynching, KKK

39
Q

what is share cropping

A

landlord grants tenant land in exchange for a share of the crop, but tenant keeps saying the sharecropper owes more than he earned - leaving no money for sharecroppers (basically free labor)

40
Q

Plessy v Ferguson

A

established “separate but equal” doctrine, legitimized racial segregation/discrimination as long as facilities for Black and White people were equal (didn’t happen). overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

41
Q

pull factors great migration for African Americans

A
  • industrial jobs due to White men fighting WW and segregated armed forces
  • North was De facto (by practive) vs. de jure (by law) segregation
42
Q

“Great Return” /“New Great
Migration”

A
  • since 80s
  • Urban North to Urban/Suburban South
    -counter migration
    -black flight = black city neighborhood areas–>suburbs
43
Q

migration from rural to urban in US

A

-urbanization (primarily due to economic reasons)
-late 1800s to early 1900s

44
Q

effects of urbanization

A

-Secular attitudes (increasing shift from relgious/traditional values to modern, non religious ones, due to diverse populations/ideas and lifestyle changes)
- children = economic burdens
LOWER CBR/NIR

45
Q

migration from urban to rural in US

A

-counterurbanization (type of counter migration)
-primariiy due to cultural reasons (easier pace, country lifestyle )

46
Q

push factors of rust belt to sun belt migration in US

A
  • cold weather
    -declining industry (high costs, unions, closed shop, high regulation, high taxes, combat pollution )
    -urban decay (suburbanization)
47
Q

pull factors of rust belt to sun belt migration in US

A
  • warm weather with AC
  • low business costs (non-union, right-to-work, less regulation/taxes)
  • pop growth
48
Q

changing US population migration

A
  • historically, overall has been westward, territorial expansion
  • southward trend in mid-20th since cent
49
Q

Intraregional migration in US

A
  • suburbanization (biggest US migration flow since WWII)
  • suburb –> urban (countermigration), gentrification = middle class (mostly white) into formerly “distressed” inner city neighborhoods
50
Q

suburbanization push factors

A
  • urban decay
  • crowded housing (apts.)
  • poverty, crime
  • underperforming schools, desegregation/busing
  • political corruption
  • high taxes
  • new immigrants = different
51
Q

suburbanization pull factors

A
  • space
  • detached homes, yards,
    garages
  • low poverty/crime
  • safe, well-funded schools
    -low taxes
    -American dream
    -homogeneity
52
Q

effects of suburbanization

A

-“white flight” (mostly white middle-class flee urban problems)
- increases inner city decline as
middle class taxes flow from city
to suburbs

53
Q

Europeans to North America migration flow

A
  • Europeans to New World
  • English culture, later industrial workers create ethnic diversity but on an English cultural foundation
54
Q

Iberian (Spanish and portuguese) colonists to New World migration flow

A
  • Latin American cultural identity
  • 1st Wave of Imperialism (1500-1750)
55
Q

other European migration flow

A
  • Era of “New” Imperialism (2nd wave: 1750-1900)
  • Europeans into Africa, Asia and later to South America,India, South Africa, Kenya, Argentina/Uruguay/Paraguay, Australia, New Zealand etc.
56
Q

Atlantic slave trade migration flow

A

-replace depopulated Caribbean islands/E. Central America (Jamaica, Dominican Republic, etc.)
- Mixed “race” Brazil
- African-American clustering in the SE USA

57
Q

South Asians to African, SE Asia, south America, and caribbean

A

South Asians (as indentured servants) to Africa/SE Asia/South America and the Caribbean 1835-1935

58
Q

Chinese migration into SE Asia

A
  • British imperialism opens econ. opportunities for Chinese in 1800s.
  • Become significant minorities in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore
59
Q

two internal, major global migrations

A
  • American settlement of the West
  • Russian expansion into Siberia (Russification = forced assimilation of Russian culture)
60
Q

transhumance

A

seasonal movement of livestock

61
Q

Internal Migration within the EU

A
  • right to live and work anywhere within the EU if a member
  • generally migration is East ⇒ West and South ⇒ North (poorer to wealthy)
  • Many immigrants in W. Europe come from former eastern (communist) bloc states in 90‘s
    1)Poles ⇒ UK and Ireland (accused of driving down wages)
    2) Romanians/Bulgarians ⇒ Spain and Italy
    -countermigration due to warmer south climate and lower cost of livign
62
Q

external migration into europe

A

Guest workers (Turks ⇒ Germany, Algerians ⇒ France)
- fill low skill jobs
- send remittances home
- Labor source for aging European nations

Cultural links
- Family reunification
- Chain migration
- same Language/citizenship

63
Q

problems faced by immigrant populations

A
  • ghettoization
  • identity (migrants resist assimilation)
  • right-wing reaction against immigrants/immigration (traditionalism and conservatism)
64
Q

gettoization

A

-immigrants clustered in urban areas/projects on edge of cities
-isolated from general society
- concentrated poverty/unemployment → high crime

65
Q

right-wing reaction against immigrants/immigration

A
  • rise of nativism (policies that favor native born)
  • radicalism/terrorism drags moderate politicians to “right”
  • xenophobia = fear/hatred of foreigners
66
Q

why does the Persian gulf have uneven pop pyramid (more males)

A

male guest workers come in for oil industry

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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