Unit 3 Culture Flashcards
1
Q
Order of religious subdivisions
A
branch, denomination, sect
2
Q
Branch
A
large, fundamental division within a religion
3
Q
Denomination
A
division of branch unites a number of local congregations in a single legal administrative body
4
Q
Sect
A
small group broken off away from established branch/denomination
5
Q
Heretic
A
one who disagree with church doctrine
6
Q
Sectarianism
A
conflicts arises from perceived differences between subdivisions of a group
7
Q
Proselytic
A
appeals to all
8
Q
Universalizing vs ethnic
A
appeals to all and tied to founder vs specific group and tied to phys. env.
9
Q
Universalizing vs ethnic calendar
A
based off founders life vs. seasons/cyclical nature
10
Q
Universalizing vs ethnic cosmology
A
god created earth for human use/modify vs. god=nature
11
Q
Universalizing vs ethnic diffusion
A
precise origin, expansion vs relocation
12
Q
Universalizing vs ethnic
A
13
Q
Diffusion of christianity in europe
A
paul’s letters to pagans (hierarchical) and pagans convert more (contagious)
14
Q
Diffusion of christianity outside europe
A
missionaries (hierarchical) convert authorities followed by acceptance by common ppl (contagious)
15
Q
Secondary hearth
A
not origin, but place where there was significant change
16
Q
Secondary hearth examples
A
rome/vatican city (catholicism), northern europe (protestant), constantinople/istanbul (orthodox)
17
Q
Shatterbelt
A
region caught in between conflict
18
Q
Former yugoslavia country’s religion
A
serbia/montenegro/macedonia (orthodox), croatia/slovenia (catholic), bosnia/kosovo/albania (muslim)
19
Q
Cultural landscape
A
visible expression of human activity on env., evidence of culture, incl. modification of landscape and some what we can’t see that’s not built, proposed by Carl Sauer
20
Q
Built landscape
A
things we construct embedded within cultural landscape, some of it not cultural landscape
21
Q
Islam key beliefs
A
allah, muhammed (messenger), monotheistic
22
Q
Five pillars of islam
A
profession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, pilgrimage
23
Q
Abrahamic religions
A
trace back to abraham (christianity, judaism, islam)
24
Q
Muslim holy places (decr. order of holiness)
A
Mecca (birthplace, Kaaba blackstone, hajj), Medina (exile), Dome of the Rock (al aqsa mosque, temple mount, night journey)
25
Country w/ most muslims
indonesia
26
Sunni vs Shia
anyone can be successor of muhammed (caliph) vs must descend from Ali (son in law) and conc. in Iran/S. Iraq
27
Islam distinct traits
lunar calendar, mosques (w/ minaret pillars), calligraphy, arabesque, pointed and keyhole arches
28
Purdah
seclusion, isolation, modesty of women → hijab, walled courtyards
29
Most syncretic religion
buddhism
30
Syncretism
combining beliefs of religions
31
Buddhism heart + why not practiced there
india, but mostly absorbed into hinduism (syncretism)
32
Buddhism branches
theravada (se. asia), mahayana (e. asia), tantrayana (mongolia, tibet)
33
Buddhism key beliefs
siddhartha, suffering, bodhi tree, eightfold path, dharma/karma/reincarnation, lotus, no caste
34
Mahayana vs theravada vs tantrayana
not as strict, buddha=divine, vs buddha=teacher, monks, vs mystical
35
Buddhist architecture
stupas (dome shaped storages/meditation), pagodas (mostly e. asia), Asoka pillars (important figure in diffusion of buddhism)
36
Hinduism key beliefs
polytheistic, dharma/karma/reincarnation, moksha, caste system
37
Hinduism holy places
riverbanks, mtns, coastlines, Ganges River, Varanasi
38
Buddhism and Hinduism burial practice
cremation
39
Effects of cremation on landscape
preserves land, no cemeteries, strain wood supply, pollution
40
Judaism Diaspora
dispersed/scattered, Assryians, Babylonians, Romans
41
Zionism
movement for Jewish homeland, reclustering due to est. of Isreal, began 1800s
42
Holiest site of Judaism
Wailing (Western) Wall (1st and 2nd temples)
43
Confucianism
philosophy on social order, harmony, stability, relationships
44
Daoism
nature, yin yang, wu wei (non
45
Animism (african religions, shinto)
worship of objects, spirits, typically in isolated areas
46
Shinto
emperor=divine, torii gate, some pagodas, syncretic w/ buddhism → Zen
47
Fundamentalism
strict adherence to religious doctrines, literal interpretation of holy book, usually rxn against modern/secular
48
Christian fundamentalism
against birth control, lgbtq rights, for school prayer, creationism, patriarchy
49
Islamic fundamentalism
patriarchy, purdah, death penalty, theft, conflicts with human rights
50
What happens after communism fell in Soviet states
rebound of religion
51
Intra or Inter faith (Northern Ireland)
intrafaith, conflicts between catholic/protestant
52
Intra or Inter faith (Iran and Saudi Arabia)
intrafaith, Sunni vs Shia
53
Intra or inter faith (W. Africa)
interfaith, Christian vs Islam, such as in Nigeria (competition for rich grassland, territory) pastoral livestock herding vs agriculture
54
Intra or inter faith (Israel and Palestine)
interfaith, Judaism vs Islam (Jewish Zionists vs Palestinian Muslim Arabs)
55
Intra or inter faith (S. Asia)
interfaith, Hindu majority India vs Muslilm majority Pakistan, Kashmir dispute
56
Material culture
anything seen on landscape or in “built environment”
57
Non material culture
intangible things, such as religion, languages, values, entertainment, institution, and aesthetics
58
Folk vs Pop Culture size
small, homogenous vs large, heterogeneous
59
Folk culture
isolated, rural areas, mainly LDCs (except Amish), hard to identify
60
Pop culture
product of MDCs, diffused everywhere (globalization, comm. tech, transportation, disposable income/leisure time), appeals to all to make money
61
Local culture
community, shares experiences, ethnicity, customs, traits, wants to distinguish themselves and be unique, but enjoys benefits of pop culture
62
How does the extent of folk/pop culture vary
across space but not time (folk), across time but not space (pop)
63
Folk vs Pop culture hearths/origins
anonymous/unknown vs well known
64
Folk vs Pop culture music
based on daily life, life cycle events, or natural occurrences, vs appeal to many and make money
65
Where did pop culture music originate and how did it diffuse?
Tin Pan Alley (NYC), diffused through Armed Forces Radio (after WWII)
66
Folk vs Pop culture diffusion
relocation, small scale vs hierarchical then contagious, rapid large scale
67
Folk culture food
from local environment, terroirs (sum of contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes), taboos (restrictions based on environment/cultural factors)
68
Folk culture clothes
materials come from daily life, meets environmental needs, uses local materials
69
Pop culture clothes
leisure time, disposable income, indicate job status/income, corporate made and global supply chains
70
Folk culture housing
materials from local environmental, meets functional needs and cultural heritage
71
Pop culture housing
efficiency, homogenization of American culture, suburbanization
72
Vernacular regional housing
styles take environmental conditions into play, hearths include new england, mid-athlantic, chespeake/tidewater
73
Folk vs pop culture families
patriarchal, large, high TFR, vs diminished gender inequality, low TFR, alternative non-children lifestyles
74
Forced assimilation policies
force ppl of indigenous cultures to adopt dominant culture
75
Acculturation
adopted enough of dominant culture to get by
76
How is globalization a threat to folk culture
cultural homogenization, as spread of pop culture accelerated by time space compression, western styles/ideas dominate
77
Cultural appropriation
use of elements of one culture by another for unrelated purposes and own benefit
78
Commodification
making something sellable, relates to cultural appropriation, leads to stereotyping
79
Disneyfication
stripping a place of its authenticity for commercial purposes, simplified, controlled, safe
80
Neolocalism
reinvigorating local culture in response to uncertainty
81
Reterritorialization
taking pop culture and making it unique to your locality (chicago deep dish)
82
Folk culture impact environment
lower impact, few industries (less pollution, no extensive use of resources), tends to adapt rather than modify
83
Pop culture impact environment
large impact, extensive use of resources, large market/industries (pollution), corporations tend to create uniform landscape
84
language
a system of communication through sounds that a group of ppl understands to have same meaning
85
Literary tradition
system of written communications
86
Divergence
language splits into dialects due to physical separation/isolation, leads to sound shifts, new vocab, etc
87
Dialect chain
set of contiguous dialects reveals that those nearest to each other are more closely related
88
Isogloss
word usage/pronunciation boundary (within which a particular linguistic feature occurs)
89
World languages organized into
families, branches, groups, languages, dialects (represents how long ago languages diverged)
90
Indo European family is the predominant language of where?
Europe, S. Asia, Latin AMerica, North America (due to colonization)
91
Language trees
families (10+ mil) are trunks, branches and groups are branches, languages (>5 mil) are leafs, below ground level are possible prehistoric families
92
Language convergence
languages influence each other
93
Backward reconstruction
tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal original language before divergence, theorizes a proto-indo european language
94
Nostratic
theorized as hypothetical old common root, for Indo
95
Nomadic Warrior thesis
patrilineal, warlike horsemen from Kurgan Steppe (present day russia/kazakhstan) brought protoIndo-European west into Europe through conquest, in search of grassland for their domesticated horses (~3000 BC)
96
Sedentary Warrior Thesis
with an increased food supply and consequently higher population, farmers from the Anatolia brought Indo-European languages into Europe and displacing native speakers due to high birth rates
97
Dispersal Hypothesis
both agriculture and conquest can be true (farmers and horsemen)
98
Threats to languages
globalization, spread of pop culture, forced assimilation by govt.
99
Why preserve languages
cultural diversity, useful knowledge/history
100
Official language
used for government purposes, often colonizer’s language, can unite multilingual states
101
Isolated languages
unrelated to others, not part of family tree (Ex. Basque)
102
Lingua franca
3rd language used between speakers of different native languages (Englsih, swahili in africa, hindi in india)
103
Major reasons why toponyms change, and what does it reflect
decolonization, political revolution, memorialization, commodification, reflects power of a language over a place
104
Ideograms
written characters represent ideas not pronunciations (Chinese)
