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AP Human Geography > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Everything in unit 1

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1
Q

etymology of “geography”?

A

“Geo” means earth, “graphy” means to write

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2
Q

scale

A

the relationship between a distance on a map to that in reality (portion of earth to earth as a whole)

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3
Q

space

A

the physical gap between two objects

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4
Q

thematic map

A

a map that focuses on a geographic theme/pattern

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5
Q

GIS

A

software tools that store and analyze geographic data in layers.

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6
Q

GISci

A

the analysis of geographic data collected from satellite and other electronic technologies

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7
Q

remote sensing

A

the collection of data of the earth’s surface from long distance methods

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8
Q

GPS

A

geographic positioning system - connects to satellites to tell your absolute location and can be used for navigation

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9
Q

geotagging

A

the process of recording the location of a piece of information

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10
Q

the concept that determines the amount of area covered on a map and the level of detail it provides

A

map scale

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11
Q

three ways map scale can be expressed and how are they displayed?

A

ratio/fraction, written scale, and graphical scale

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12
Q

projection

A

the process of transferring locations of the earth’s spherical surface onto a flat map

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13
Q

four types of distortion resulting from projections

A

shape, distance, relative size, and direction

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14
Q

isoline map

A

lines connecting data points of the same value

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15
Q

dot distribution map

A

points representing data, where each dot represents a value

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16
Q

chloropleth map

A

a map where areas are shaded or patterned based off its value

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17
Q

graduated symbol

A

a map where symbols with varying sizes (based on its value) are placed on areas

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18
Q

cartogram

A

a map where the size of an area is distorted to be proportional to its value - graph in map form

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19
Q

atmosphere

A

a thin layer of gases surrounding earth

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20
Q

climate

A

the long term average weather condition in a certain area

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21
Q

Koppen’s climate classification

A

tropical, dry, warm mid-latitude, cold mid-latitude, and polar climates - divided based on precipitation and temperature

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22
Q

hydrosphere

A

all the water on the Earth’s surface’ and near it

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23
Q

lithosphere

A

Earth’s crust and a portion of the upper mantle

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24
Q

biosphere

A

all living organisms on earth

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25
Q

ecosystem

A

a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres that interact with each other

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26
Q

equal area projection

A

area are proportional to the Earth’s surface, but shape, direction, and distance may get distorted, especially closer towards the poles

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27
Q

goode homolosine projection

A

separates Eastern and Western hemispheres. shape and size are accurate, but the directions and distances are distorted

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28
Q

mercator projection

A

rectangular map. accurate shape, but distorted size especially towards higher latitudes. good for navigation, but somewhat eurocentric.

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29
Q

galls-peters projection

A

rectangular map. accurate size, but distorts shape.

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30
Q

topographic map

A

a map that displays the physical features of an area

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31
Q

meridian (measured as longitude)

A

arc connecting the north and south poles, used to tell time

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32
Q

parallel (measured as latitude)

A

a circle drawn around the earth parallel to the equator

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33
Q

three ways to identify location

A

place name, site, and situation

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34
Q

toponym

A

the name given to a place

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35
Q

place

A

a point on earth distinguished by a certain physical and human characteristics

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36
Q

region

A

an area of earth distinguished by one or more characteristics

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37
Q

cultural landscape

A

the combination of cultural, economic, and physical features that give a region its unique character

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38
Q

formal/uniform region

A

an area with shared characteristics

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39
Q

functional/nodal region

A

an area that is organized around a node/focal point

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40
Q

vernacular/perceptual region

A

an area that exists within people’s identity, emerging from one’s perception

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41
Q

spatial association

A

the relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another

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42
Q

distribution

A

the arrangement of a feature in space

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43
Q

three properties of distribution

A

density, concentration, and pattern

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44
Q

density

A

the frequency in which something occurs in space

45
Q

concentration

A

how spread out a feature is across space

46
Q

pattern

A

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

47
Q

five themes of geography

A

location, place, region, human-environment interaction, and movement

48
Q

sequent occupance

A

the imprints of former occupant societies on a cultural landscape

49
Q

culture

A

the lifestyle, values, and beliefs of people

50
Q

culture complex

A

a unique combination of cultural traits

51
Q

cultural hearth

A

where things (cultural traits) develop and diffuse

52
Q

independent invention

A

when a cultural trait develops in more than one hearth without the influence of its development elsewhere

53
Q

cultural barriers

A

obstacles that prohibit the diffusion of cultural traits - physical and cultural

54
Q

mental map

A

maps in our minds of places we have been to or heard of

55
Q

activity space

A

places where activities occur daily

56
Q

isopleth map

A

similar to an isoline map, but typically use colors to represent data

57
Q

flow line map

A

uses arrows of varying sizes to show the movement of people, information, and goods

58
Q

Winkel Triple projection

A

balanced in all four distortions, neither equal area nor conformal

59
Q

equal area map

A

a map with accurate size, but distorted shape

60
Q

conformal map

A

a map with accurate shape, but distorted size

61
Q

large scale

A

small area, more detail

62
Q

small scale

A

large area, less detail

63
Q

level of aggregation/generalization

A

the spatial unit and amount of area & detail being presented

64
Q

spatial models

A

information/patterns about a specific location

65
Q

non-spatial models

A

information/pattern that don’t have a geographical component

66
Q

physiological density

A

population/unit of arable land. if all other factors are held constant, its a rough measure of the ability of an area to feed its population - related to carrying capacity

67
Q

agricultural density

A

farmers/unit of arable land. measures farming efficiency/modernization, and hence, development

68
Q

cluster/agglomeration concentration

A

close together

69
Q

dispersed/scattered concentration

A

spread out

70
Q

resource

A

a substance in the environment that is useful, accessible, and is acceptable to use

71
Q

sustainabiliity

A

the use of resources in ways that ensure its availability in the future

72
Q

three pillars of sustainability

A

environment, economy, and society

73
Q

conservation

A

the sustainable management of Earth’s resources to meet human needs

74
Q

preservation

A

the maintenance of resources in their natural condition with little human impact

75
Q

arithmetic density

A

total # of objects/total land area

76
Q

environment determinism

A

the theory that the physical environment causes social development

77
Q

possibilism

A

the theory that the physical environment can merely put constraints on humans, but people have the ability to adapt

78
Q

affect of globalization on the world’s scale

A

it causes the worlds scale to shrink

79
Q

globalization

A

processes that causes increasing interconnectedness in the world, making it more worldwide in scope

80
Q

political ecology

A

a field focusing on the relationships between political, economic, social factors and the environment

81
Q

cultural ecology

A

the study of human-environment relationships

82
Q

poststructuralist geography

A

studies how the powerful dominates the less powerful, how the dominated groups occupy space, and the confrontations that result from domination

83
Q

humanistic geography

A

studies different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places meanings

84
Q

behavioral geography

A

studies the psychological basis for individual human actions in space

85
Q

placelessness

A

when each place looks like the next - lack of uniqueness

86
Q

absolute location

A

the exact location of a place on earth

87
Q

relative location

A

the location of a place is in reference to another

88
Q

site

A

the physical and human characteristics of a place that give it its distinct character

89
Q

situation

A

how “site” factors and relative location (including its proximity to other places) tell you the importance of a place

90
Q

diffusion

A

the process of a feature spreading across space

91
Q

hearth

A

a place where an innovation originated from

92
Q

relocation diffusion

A

the spread of features through the physical movement of people - no expansion/growth, only moving to another place

93
Q

expansion diffusion

A

the spread of features outwards from the point of origin while staying strong in the original location - growing and expanding

94
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

the spread of features through nodes of power/authority in decreasing order

95
Q

contagious diffusion

A

the rapid, outward spread of features like a “disease”

96
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

the spread of an underlying idea/concept - adopted in modified form

97
Q

distance decay

A

the interaction of two places decreases with increasing distance between them

98
Q

space-time compression

A

the reduction in time it takes for diffusion - causes globalization

99
Q

network

A

a chain of communication that connects places

100
Q

transnational corporation

A

companies that produce goods and services in many countries

101
Q

adaption vs modification

A

adaption is how humans adjust to better fit their environment, while modification is how humans alter their environment to better suit themselves

102
Q

environmental determinism vs possiblism

A

They are opposite theories. Determinism is outdated and “racist”, while possbilism is more recent and widely accepted.

103
Q

census tract

A

small subdivisions of an area used by the U.S. government to collect and present demographic data

104
Q

what line goes through Greenwich england

A

the prime meridian, located at 0 degrees longitude

105
Q

where is the international date line

A

180 degrees longitude

106
Q

geocaching

A

type of global treasure hunt based on GPS

107
Q

cylindrical projection

A

projecting spherical surface onto a cylinder

108
Q

planar/azimuthal projection

A

projecting spherical surface onto a plane

109
Q

migration

A

movement of people

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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