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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 - Population > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Population Flashcards

1
Q

what is the DTM (demographic transition model)

A

explains, population change over time + space, defining economic context

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2
Q

CBR vs CDR

A

Crude birth rate - births/1000 ppl
crude death rate - deaths/1000 ppl

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3
Q

what is stage 1 dtm called

A

high stationary; hunter gatherer, early agriculture

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4
Q

stage 1 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR = >25
CDR = >25
NIR = 0-2% (stationary)

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5
Q

example countries in stage 1 dtm

A

currently none (except few remote groups like Amazon rainforest tribes and nations in crisis). most of human history was in this stage

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6
Q

reasons for stage 1 CBR

A
  • children = economic assets ($$$)
  • high IMR
  • social/religious reasons; lack of female empowerment
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7
Q

reasons for stage 1 CDR

A
  • “age pestilence and famine, short, brutal, hungry”
  • disease
  • no medicine
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8
Q

what is stage 2 dtm called

A

early expansion; late agriculture, industrializing

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9
Q

stage 2 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR - >25 (stays high)
CDR - 8-25 (declines rapidly, first break)
NIR - 1.5-3.5% (rapid inc)

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10
Q

reasons for stage 2 high CBR

A
  • religious/social traditions; lack female empowerment
  • little birth control
  • ppl don’t realize children = economic burdens
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11
Q

reasons for stage 2 declining CDR

A
  • industrial rev - stable food source, medicine
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12
Q

when did countries after UK go in stage 2

A

UK (1790) –> W. Europe (mid-1800s) –> US (late 1800s) –> S./E. Europe (early-1900s)

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13
Q

when did LDCs enter stage 2

A

WWII - western MDCs gave vaccines/medicine (not due to economic dev), decreasae CDR but not CBR, population exploding with no economic development

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14
Q

stage 2 dtm examples

A

sub Saharan africa

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15
Q

what is stage 3 dtm called

A

late expansion; industrial/maturing

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16
Q

stage 3 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR - 12-25 (falling, second break)
CDR - 5-12 (declines slowly)
NIR - 1-2% (increased but much slower; demographic momentum)
TFR approaches replacement rate (2.1)

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17
Q

reasons for stage 3 low CBR

A
  • Fewer children needed in urban (children = economic burdens)
  • tradition wanes (secular influences, city living, beg. of birth control)
  • female empowerment late Stage 3).
  • anti-natalist policies
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18
Q

reasons for stage 3 lower CDR

A

medical advances, better sanitation, lifestyle/diet

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19
Q

exmaples of stage 3 dtm

A

S.E. Asia - NOT Singapore, South Asia (India, and Bangladesh-early stage 3), Central America

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20
Q

what is stage 4 dtm called

A

Low Stationary; Tertiary/Mature/Post-Industrial

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21
Q

stage 4 dtm CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR - 8-16
CDR - 5-12
CBR = CDR = Zero Population Growth
NIR - 0-1.0% (stable, low)

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22
Q

reasons for low CBR stage 4

A
  • Gender empowerment
  • family planning
  • later marriages
  • less traditional values (secular, urban influences)
  • govt. encourages pop control
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23
Q

reasons for stage 4 low CDR

A
  • Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
  • good healthcare: improved treatment for chronic diseases
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24
Q

examples of stage 4 dtm

A

USA, UK, France, Canada, much of Northern & Western Europe (some in Stage 5), Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Argentina, Chile, Panama, China

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25
Q

why are US, UK, and France still in stage 4

A

immigration brings up CBR

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26
Q

what is stage 5 dtm called

A

declining

27
Q

stage 5 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR = <10 (low)
CDR = 10-15 (low, could increase)
NIR = negative

28
Q

reasons for low CBR in stage 5

A

same reasons as stage 4

29
Q

reasons for higher CDR

A

larger elderly population increases CDR

30
Q

stage 5 dtm examples

A

Germany, Denmark, Japan, Italy, Eastern Europe - Russia, 4 Asian Tigers

31
Q

ways to get out of stage 5

A
  • immigrants
  • pronatalist policies (encourage children)
  • automation (japan); homogeneity, anti-immigration
32
Q

what are population pyramids also called

A

age-sex pyramids, mostly determined by birth rates

33
Q

sex ratio

A

males : # females (should be balanced)

34
Q

if pop pyramid and sex ratio are imbalanced, what are reasons

A
  • preferred baby boys (related to missing girl populations)
  • in elderly cohorts, there more women (higher life expectancies)
35
Q

what are dependents

A

youth (<15) and elderly (>65), unproductive, not in labor/working yrs

36
Q

dependency ratios

A

dependents / 100 workers . more dependents is more financial burden to support them

37
Q

shape of stage 1 pop pyramid

A

wide base, concaves (tapers quickly as goes up). Avg age = 15. focuses on youth dependency

38
Q

shape of stage 2 pop pyramid

A

wide base, but top widens (concaves less dramatically), larger upper cohorts. Avg age = late teens/early 20s. focuses on youth dependency

39
Q

demographic trap cycle

A

high CBR/CDR (overpop) –> strain economic resources (no infrastructure and services) –> no economic development –> primary jobs (high agricultural density) –> children = assets –> repeat

40
Q

shape of stage 3 pop pyramid

A

house shape, base gets taller/wider. Avg age = mid 30s. healthy dependency ratios, but still focus on youth

41
Q

shape of stage 4 pop pyramid

A

rectangle. ZPG and replacement rate. Avg age = late 30s, early 40s. healthiest dependency ratios, growing focus on elderly dependents

42
Q

shape of stage 5 pop pyramid

A

kite shape, narrow base. under replacement rate. Avg age = 45+.High elderly dependency ratio

43
Q

why is study of population important

A
  • more people alive now than any time in human history
  • World pop increased faster rate than ever during 2nd half of the 20th century
  • mostly all global pop. growth is in LDCs; areas (low carrying capacity) least able to handle it, no development (demographic trap)
44
Q

ecumene

A

portion of earth surface occupied by permanent human settlement; has expanded, could be seen as possibilistic

45
Q

most of the world population is concentrated where? `

A
  • East Asia
  • South Asia
  • Europe (incl. European Russia)
  • Southeast Asia
46
Q

where world population is not distributed

A
  • Dry lands
  • Wet lands
  • Cold lands
  • High lands (mountains)
47
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

avg # children a women is expected to have (TFR 2.1 = replacement rate)

48
Q

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

children deaths <1 yr / 1000 births

49
Q

relationship between IMR and TFR

A

directly proportional

50
Q

overpopulation

A

too many ppl for available resources, related to carrying capacity (max # ppl and environment can support)

51
Q

malthus on overpopulation

A
  • pop will outpace food supply
  • food supply grows linear/arithmetically,
    -pop grows exponentially/geometrically.
    -said that pop growth can decrease with disease/famine/war (positive checks) when resources become insufficient
  • moral restraint (preventative checks) will also help decrease death rates
52
Q

reality compared to malthus

A

food supply grew more faster than he predicted (green rev.), and population growth slowed

53
Q

Neo-Malthusians (more supportive)

A

supports malthus that pop grow outpaces food and is a problem currently, but updated his theory based on modern concerns
- rapid pop growth strains resources, causing environmental problems and resource depletion
-competition will be for other resources (not just food, more clean air, fuel, water that could lead to violence)
- advocates for population control with measures like family planning and education

54
Q

anti-malthusians (critics)

A
  • Based on possibilism, Malthus was too pessimistic on resource growth
  • he failed to consider technological innovation, especially in Green Revolution (increased food production)
  • Marxist critique: not pop. growth but unequal dist. of resources, since Malthus did blame overpopulation on the poor
55
Q

example attempts to lower birth rates

A

They are anti-natalist
India: forced sterilization, guns for sterilization
China: one child policy

56
Q

why did china loosed one child policy to 2 children

A
  • aging population
  • don’t want stage 5
  • imbalanced sex ratio (more men)
  • missing girls
57
Q

how are anti natalist policy’s different than eugenics

A

eugenics = target pop control, intends to weed out “undesirables” (minorities, disabled)
Ex. Nazis

58
Q

what is the epidemiological transition

A

matches diseases/causes of death with demographic profile in dtm

59
Q

stage 1 epidemiological

A

pestilence and famine
- Infectious & Parasitic diseases
- Pandemics
- Vectored diseases (transmitted by carriers, such as mosquitos)
- Accidents, War, Childbirth (MMR, IMR)

60
Q

stage 2 epidemiological

A

receding pandemics
- declining CDR
- certain overcrowding diseases spike due to urbanization (cholera, guinea worm)

61
Q

stage 3 epidemiological

A

Degenerative & Manmade diseases
- more middle aged ppl
- Heart disease and cancer
- Diseases related to lifestyle (Obesity, diabetes)

62
Q

stage 4 epidemiological

A

Delayed degenerative diseases
- More ppl now elderly
- Diseases related to lifestyle excess - continue
- Medical advances prolong life

63
Q

stage 5 epidemiological

A

Age of Reemergence of Infectious Disease and Parasitic Diseases?
- NOT SPECIFICALLY LINKED TO STAGE 5 DTM
Reasons for it happening:
- Evolving bacteria (resistance to drugs), such as HIV/AIDs
- Developing world poverty (demographic trap in LDCS)
- GLOBALIZATION and time-space compression

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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