Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Human Geography > Unit 2 - Population > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Population Flashcards

1
Q

what is the DTM (demographic transition model)

A

explains, population change over time + space, defining economic context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CBR vs CDR

A

Crude birth rate - births/1000 ppl
crude death rate - deaths/1000 ppl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is stage 1 dtm called

A

high stationary; hunter gatherer, early agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stage 1 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR = >25
CDR = >25
NIR = 0-2% (stationary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

example countries in stage 1 dtm

A

currently none (except few remote groups like Amazon rainforest tribes and nations in crisis). most of human history was in this stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

reasons for stage 1 CBR

A
  • children = economic assets ($$$)
  • high IMR
  • social/religious reasons; lack of female empowerment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reasons for stage 1 CDR

A
  • “age pestilence and famine, short, brutal, hungry”
  • disease
  • no medicine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is stage 2 dtm called

A

early expansion; late agriculture, industrializing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stage 2 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR - >25 (stays high)
CDR - 8-25 (declines rapidly, first break)
NIR - 1.5-3.5% (rapid inc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reasons for stage 2 high CBR

A
  • religious/social traditions; lack female empowerment
  • little birth control
  • ppl don’t realize children = economic burdens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reasons for stage 2 declining CDR

A
  • industrial rev - stable food source, medicine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when did countries after UK go in stage 2

A

UK (1790) –> W. Europe (mid-1800s) –> US (late 1800s) –> S./E. Europe (early-1900s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when did LDCs enter stage 2

A

WWII - western MDCs gave vaccines/medicine (not due to economic dev), decreasae CDR but not CBR, population exploding with no economic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stage 2 dtm examples

A

sub Saharan africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is stage 3 dtm called

A

late expansion; industrial/maturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stage 3 CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR - 12-25 (falling, second break)
CDR - 5-12 (declines slowly)
NIR - 1-2% (increased but much slower; demographic momentum)
TFR approaches replacement rate (2.1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reasons for stage 3 low CBR

A
  • Fewer children needed in urban (children = economic burdens)
  • tradition wanes (secular influences, city living, beg. of birth control)
  • female empowerment late Stage 3).
  • anti-natalist policies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reasons for stage 3 lower CDR

A

medical advances, better sanitation, lifestyle/diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

exmaples of stage 3 dtm

A

S.E. Asia - NOT Singapore, South Asia (India, and Bangladesh-early stage 3), Central America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is stage 4 dtm called

A

Low Stationary; Tertiary/Mature/Post-Industrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stage 4 dtm CBR, CDR, and NIR

A

CBR - 8-16
CDR - 5-12
CBR = CDR = Zero Population Growth
NIR - 0-1.0% (stable, low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reasons for low CBR stage 4

A
  • Gender empowerment
  • family planning
  • later marriages
  • less traditional values (secular, urban influences)
  • govt. encourages pop control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reasons for stage 4 low CDR

A
  • Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
  • good healthcare: improved treatment for chronic diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

examples of stage 4 dtm

A

USA, UK, France, Canada, much of Northern & Western Europe (some in Stage 5), Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Argentina, Chile, Panama, China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
why are US, UK, and France still in stage 4
immigration brings up CBR
26
what is stage 5 dtm called
declining
27
stage 5 CBR, CDR, and NIR
CBR = <10 (low) CDR = 10-15 (low, could increase) NIR = negative
28
reasons for low CBR in stage 5
same reasons as stage 4
29
reasons for higher CDR
larger elderly population increases CDR
30
stage 5 dtm examples
Germany, Denmark, Japan, Italy, Eastern Europe - Russia, 4 Asian Tigers
31
ways to get out of stage 5
- immigrants - pronatalist policies (encourage children) - automation (japan); homogeneity, anti-immigration
32
what are population pyramids also called
age-sex pyramids, mostly determined by birth rates
33
sex ratio
males : # females (should be balanced)
34
if pop pyramid and sex ratio are imbalanced, what are reasons
- preferred baby boys (related to missing girl populations) - in elderly cohorts, there more women (higher life expectancies)
35
what are dependents
youth (<15) and elderly (>65), unproductive, not in labor/working yrs
36
dependency ratios
dependents / 100 workers . more dependents is more financial burden to support them
37
shape of stage 1 pop pyramid
wide base, concaves (tapers quickly as goes up). Avg age = 15. focuses on youth dependency
38
shape of stage 2 pop pyramid
wide base, but top widens (concaves less dramatically), larger upper cohorts. Avg age = late teens/early 20s. focuses on youth dependency
39
demographic trap cycle
high CBR/CDR (overpop) --> strain economic resources (no infrastructure and services) --> no economic development --> primary jobs (high agricultural density) --> children = assets --> repeat
40
shape of stage 3 pop pyramid
house shape, base gets taller/wider. Avg age = mid 30s. healthy dependency ratios, but still focus on youth
41
shape of stage 4 pop pyramid
rectangle. ZPG and replacement rate. Avg age = late 30s, early 40s. healthiest dependency ratios, growing focus on elderly dependents
42
shape of stage 5 pop pyramid
kite shape, narrow base. under replacement rate. Avg age = 45+.High elderly dependency ratio
43
why is study of population important
- more people alive now than any time in human history - World pop increased faster rate than ever during 2nd half of the 20th century - mostly all global pop. growth is in LDCs; areas (low carrying capacity) least able to handle it, no development (demographic trap)
44
ecumene
portion of earth surface occupied by permanent human settlement; has expanded, could be seen as possibilistic
45
most of the world population is concentrated where? `
- East Asia - South Asia - Europe (incl. European Russia) - Southeast Asia
46
where world population is not distributed
- Dry lands - Wet lands - Cold lands - High lands (mountains)
47
total fertility rate (TFR)
avg # children a women is expected to have (TFR 2.1 = replacement rate)
48
infant mortality rate (IMR)
children deaths <1 yr / 1000 births
49
relationship between IMR and TFR
directly proportional
50
overpopulation
too many ppl for available resources, related to carrying capacity (max # ppl and environment can support)
51
malthus on overpopulation
- pop will outpace food supply - food supply grows linear/arithmetically, -pop grows exponentially/geometrically. -said that pop growth can decrease with disease/famine/war (positive checks) when resources become insufficient - moral restraint (preventative checks) will also help decrease death rates
52
reality compared to malthus
food supply grew more faster than he predicted (green rev.), and population growth slowed
53
Neo-Malthusians (more supportive)
supports malthus that pop grow outpaces food and is a problem currently, but updated his theory based on modern concerns - rapid pop growth strains resources, causing environmental problems and resource depletion -competition will be for other resources (not just food, more clean air, fuel, water that could lead to violence) - advocates for population control with measures like family planning and education
54
anti-malthusians (critics)
- Based on possibilism, Malthus was too pessimistic on resource growth - he failed to consider technological innovation, especially in Green Revolution (increased food production) - Marxist critique: not pop. growth but unequal dist. of resources, since Malthus did blame overpopulation on the poor
55
example attempts to lower birth rates
They are anti-natalist India: forced sterilization, guns for sterilization China: one child policy
56
why did china loosed one child policy to 2 children
- aging population - don't want stage 5 - imbalanced sex ratio (more men) - missing girls
57
how are anti natalist policy's different than eugenics
eugenics = target pop control, intends to weed out "undesirables" (minorities, disabled) Ex. Nazis
58
what is the epidemiological transition
matches diseases/causes of death with demographic profile in dtm
59
stage 1 epidemiological
pestilence and famine - Infectious & Parasitic diseases - Pandemics - Vectored diseases (transmitted by carriers, such as mosquitos) - Accidents, War, Childbirth (MMR, IMR)
60
stage 2 epidemiological
receding pandemics - declining CDR - certain overcrowding diseases spike due to urbanization (cholera, guinea worm)
61
stage 3 epidemiological
Degenerative & Manmade diseases - more middle aged ppl - Heart disease and cancer - Diseases related to lifestyle (Obesity, diabetes)
62
stage 4 epidemiological
Delayed degenerative diseases - More ppl now elderly - Diseases related to lifestyle excess - continue - Medical advances prolong life
63
stage 5 epidemiological
Age of Reemergence of Infectious Disease and Parasitic Diseases? - NOT SPECIFICALLY LINKED TO STAGE 5 DTM Reasons for it happening: - Evolving bacteria (resistance to drugs), such as HIV/AIDs - Developing world poverty (demographic trap in LDCS) - GLOBALIZATION and time-space compression

AP Human Geography (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions