Unit 7 Flashcards
Encode
Processing information and putting it into our memory
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of information such as space, time, frequency, and word meanings
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Maintenance rehearsal
Practicing information over and over in order to remember it
- repetition
- short term
Chunking
Group information together to increase the units of information retained
-short term
Elaborative rehearsal
Add information or detail to help remember information better
- story or added details
- long term
Mnemonic device
Unusual or strange associations with a piece of information
-long term
Method of loci
Visualize information in locations that are familiar to you
Serial position effect
Remember first and last pieces of information best
Proactive Interference
Old information makes it difficult to remember the new information
Retroactive interference
New information blocks out old information
Visual encoding
Encoding of picture images
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
Semantic encoding
Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Sensory memory
Very brief piece of sensory information (1-2sec)
Iconic
Visual
Echoic
Auditory
Short term memory
10-15 second life span
Can remember up to 7 pieces of information
Working memory
Name for short term memory
Actively doing something with the info when in STM
Long term memory
Limitless storehouse for all types of memory
Long term potentiation
Process of forming a memory by repeating and strengthening a neural pathway overtime
Declarative memory/explicit
Actively call forth or think about
Non declarative memory/implicit
Don’t have to actively think about
Procedural memory
“How to” do a task
-ride a bike
Semantic memory
Facts/word meanings
Episodic memory
Life/life story
Amnesia diagnosed people usually lose this
Flashbulb memory
Emotional or stress related memories that are vivid and strong with detail and neurotransmitters are present during a flashbulb memory
Hippocampus
Explicit/declarative side of memory
Cerebellum
Implicit/ non declarative side of memory
Recall
Coming up with information off of top of head
Recognition
Picking out a piece of information from a list of clues (multiple choice)
Relearning
Measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Priming
Activating prior knowledge to help us remember information better
-preparing
Déjà vu
Sense that you have experienced something before
Mood-congruent memory
Tend to remember other times when we felt the same mood as our current state
State dependent memory
We remember information best if we are in the same “state” as we were when we learned it
Anterograde amnesia
Can not form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
Cant remember information from our past
Repression
Controversial idea that we block out memories that are traumatic
Source amnesia
We remember information, but not where we learned it
Misinformation effect
Information given after the event that effects our memory of the event
Confabulation
Act of creating a false memory using pieces of other memories, experiences, dreams, and misinformation
Forgetting curve
After learning info, we forget half within an hour and 85% within a day if we don’t process it
Spacing effect
Practice info little by little overtime to make it permanent
Concept
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, people, or ideas
Prototype
Main image that comes to mind when thinking about a concept
Algorithm
Problem solving strategy that uses a systematic method to come up with a guaranteed solution
-very slow, but right answer
Heuristic
Systematic or strategic way to use a rule of thumb to come up with a solution
-chance of error goes up, but its faster
Insight
Ah ha moment
Creativity
R
Availability heuristic
Overestimation of the likelihood of something happening on how readily and example comes to mind
Representativeness heuristic
Overestimate the likelihood of something being true based on a stereotype or generalization
-usually not right
Overconfidence
R
Confirmation bias
R
Fixation
Cognitive approach to a problem gets stuck
Belief perseverance
R
Framing
R
Mental set
Unable to think of a use for an object other than its intended use
Ebbinghaus
Created the forgetting curve
Miller
Found that in STM, we can only remember 7 pieces of information
Loftus
Researched confabulation and how we manipulate memory
Atkinson and shiffrin
Did a model of memory that says there are 3 parts to memory storage
-sensory memory, STM, LTM
Kohler
T
