Unit 7 Flashcards by callee aikman

Encode

Processing information and putting it into our memory

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Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of information such as space, time, frequency, and word meanings

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Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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Maintenance rehearsal

Practicing information over and over in order to remember it

repetition
short term

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Chunking

Group information together to increase the units of information retained
-short term

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Elaborative rehearsal

Add information or detail to help remember information better

story or added details
long term

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Mnemonic device

Unusual or strange associations with a piece of information
-long term

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Method of loci

Visualize information in locations that are familiar to you

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Serial position effect

Remember first and last pieces of information best

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Proactive Interference

Old information makes it difficult to remember the new information

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Retroactive interference

New information blocks out old information

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Visual encoding

Encoding of picture images

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Acoustic encoding

Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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Semantic encoding

Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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Sensory memory

Very brief piece of sensory information (1-2sec)

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Iconic

Visual

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Echoic

Auditory

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Short term memory

10-15 second life span

Can remember up to 7 pieces of information

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Working memory

Name for short term memory

Actively doing something with the info when in STM

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Long term memory

Limitless storehouse for all types of memory

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Long term potentiation

Process of forming a memory by repeating and strengthening a neural pathway overtime

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Declarative memory/explicit

Actively call forth or think about

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Non declarative memory/implicit

Don’t have to actively think about

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Procedural memory

“How to” do a task

-ride a bike

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Semantic memory

Facts/word meanings

Episodic memory

Life/life story | Amnesia diagnosed people usually lose this

Flashbulb memory

Emotional or stress related memories that are vivid and strong with detail and neurotransmitters are present during a flashbulb memory

Hippocampus

Explicit/declarative side of memory

Cerebellum

Implicit/ non declarative side of memory

Recall

Coming up with information off of top of head

Recognition

Picking out a piece of information from a list of clues (multiple choice)

Relearning

Measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Priming

Activating prior knowledge to help us remember information better -preparing

Déjà vu

Sense that you have experienced something before

Mood-congruent memory

Tend to remember other times when we felt the same mood as our current state

State dependent memory

We remember information best if we are in the same "state" as we were when we learned it

Anterograde amnesia

Can not form new memories

Retrograde amnesia

Cant remember information from our past

Repression

Controversial idea that we block out memories that are traumatic

Source amnesia

We remember information, but not where we learned it

Misinformation effect

Information given after the event that effects our memory of the event

Confabulation

Act of creating a false memory using pieces of other memories, experiences, dreams, and misinformation

Forgetting curve

After learning info, we forget half within an hour and 85% within a day if we don't process it

Spacing effect

Practice info little by little overtime to make it permanent

Concept

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, people, or ideas

Prototype

Main image that comes to mind when thinking about a concept

Algorithm

Problem solving strategy that uses a systematic method to come up with a guaranteed solution -very slow, but right answer

Heuristic

Systematic or strategic way to use a rule of thumb to come up with a solution -chance of error goes up, but its faster

Insight

Ah ha moment

Creativity

Availability heuristic

Overestimation of the likelihood of something happening on how readily and example comes to mind

Representativeness heuristic

Overestimate the likelihood of something being true based on a stereotype or generalization -usually not right

Overconfidence

Confirmation bias

Fixation

Cognitive approach to a problem gets stuck

Belief perseverance

Framing

Mental set

Unable to think of a use for an object other than its intended use

Ebbinghaus

Created the forgetting curve

Miller

Found that in STM, we can only remember 7 pieces of information

Loftus

Researched confabulation and how we manipulate memory

Atkinson and shiffrin

Did a model of memory that says there are 3 parts to memory storage -sensory memory, STM, LTM

Kohler