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AP Psych > Unit 5- Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Unit 5- Sensation And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

First process details and then look at the big picture

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2
Q

Top-down processing

A

Look at the big picture first and then maybe attend to little details

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3
Q

Selective attention

A

Brain gives complete attention to one task at a time which causes us to often miss other information

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4
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Attention directed elsewhere

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5
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Minimum amount of a sensory stimulus needed to know it exists depends upon motivation, experience, and attention
-opposite of absolute threshold

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of a stimulus/sense necessary to know that it exists

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

Smallest amount of a stimulus/sense needed to notice a change or difference

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8
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Difference threshold is based on a percentage change of the stimulus/sense

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9
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Overtime, our senses stop alerting us to existing sensory information

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10
Q

Transduction

A

Turn a sense into a message

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11
Q

Wavelength

A

What color depends on

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12
Q

Hue

A

The color we experience

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13
Q

Intensity

A

Control brightness of color

-how high up and down the waves are

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14
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in eye that lets light in

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15
Q

Iris

A

Color part of eye

-muscle that contracts and dilates to let light in

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16
Q

Lens

A

Behind pupil; changes shape to focus image on retina

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17
Q

Retina

A

Entire back covering of eye which contains all receptor cells

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18
Q

Accomodation

A

Specific to eye

-changes shape to focus image

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19
Q

Rods

A

Receptor cells that help see black and white; peripheral vision and at night

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20
Q

Cones

A

Located in fovea

-help see color, work in day, in center of vision

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21
Q

Optic nerve

A

Connects brain to the eye

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22
Q

Cornea

A

Protective covering over outer part of eye

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23
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which your optic nerve is connected to your retina which contains no receptor cells

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24
Q

Fovea

A

Center of retina which contains all of the cones

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25
Feature detectors
Specialized neurons in the occipital lobe that help us identify shapes, angles, and movement
26
Parallel processing
Doing many things at once
27
Young-Helmhotz trichromatic
We have 3 color cones in our retina that react to combinations of red, green and blue
28
Opponent process theory
Opposing sets of neurons in our brain that are stimulates by opposite colors Green->red Black->white Yellow->blue
29
Audition
Hearing
30
Frequency
Determine the pitch of the sound
31
Decibles
Way to measure the intensity of the sound
32
Amplitude
Determines the loudness of the sound
33
Pitch
Determined by frequency
34
Middle ear
Amplifies sound - hammer/anvil/stirrup - eardrum - earcanal
35
Cochlea
Snail looking thing - filled with fluid and cilia that transduce sound into a neural message - part of inner ear
36
Inner ear
Transduce sound - cochlea - semicircular canals - auditory nerve
37
Pinna
Outer ear | -collects sound
38
Eardrum
Thin membrane that vibrates to amplify sound | -part of middle ear
39
Hammer/anvil/stirrup
3tiny bones that help amplify the sound | -part of middle ear
40
Auditory nerve
Connects to the brain | -part of inner ear
41
Place theory
Pitch we hear is determined by the location the sound waves strike the cochlea Problem-wasn't consistently explaining the low pitch sound
42
Frequency theory
Pitch we hear is determined by the speed that the sound waves travel Problem-unable to explain high pitch sounds
43
Sensorineural hearing loss
Damage to cochlea or inner ear; much harder to treat but can be treated with a cochlear implant
44
Conduction hearing loss
Damage to outer or middle ear resulting in hearing loss; can be treated with a hearing aid
45
Cochlear implant
Very controversial because helps basically a def person become not def anymore
46
Kinesthetic sense
Sense of the position of our body parts in relation to each other
47
Vestibular sense
Sense of overall body position and balance
48
Gustatory sense
Taste
49
Bitter/sour
Poisonous, spoiled
50
Sweet
Need sugar/glucose for energy
51
Salty
All cells need salt to function and balance out water
52
Umami
Meaty | -need protein in body for functioning
53
Olfactory sense
Smell
54
Gate-control theory
If enough small nerve fibers are activated by pain, then the large nerve fibers will send a message of pain to the brain
55
Sensory interaction
Smell and taste have strongest connection with each other
56
Synesthesia
One sort of sensation produces a other
57
Coetaneous
Touch
58
Gestalt
Idea that we as humans prefer to see things as whole images
59
Figure ground
Organize stimulus into a figure seen against the ground
60
Similarity
Similar
61
Proximity
Close to each other
62
Closure
Fill in shape
63
Continuity
Like images to flow or be connected/one piece
64
Depth perception
Seeing objects in three dimensions
65
Visual cliff experiment
Experiment with infants and baby animals to see if they can perceive depth perception-> they can -Gibson and Walk
66
Binocular cues
Depth perception cues that need both eyes open
67
Retinal disparity
Each eye has its own image and then put together, it gives us a sense of depth
68
Phi phenomenon
Illusion of movement created when 2 or more lights blink on and off
69
Perceptual constancy
Recognize objects without being deceived by changes in size, shape, color, etc.
70
Monocular cues
Depth perception cues that only need one eye open
71
Visual texture
We can tell that an object is closer to us if we can see more detail of its texture
72
Interposition
We can tell if an object is closer to us if it is blocking our view of another object
73
Color constancy
Know an object doesn't change color based on its surroundings
74
Size constancy
Know an object doesn't change size based on its distance away from us
75
Perceptual set
Perception is based on our expectations or previous experiences
76
Extrasensory perception
Perception can occur apart from sensory imput
77
Parapsychology
Do experiments that search for ESP | -study of paranormal phenomena
78
Elanor Gibson
Visual Cliff
79
Richard Walk
Visual Cliff
80
Ernest Weber
Noted something that is now called Webers Law
81
Herman Von Helmholtz
- Trichromatic | - Place and problem theory

AP Psych (7 decks)

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