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APES > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The Clean Air Act of 1963, a US federal law to control air pollution on a national level, did what?

A

-regulated lead use, particularly in fuel, which dramatically decreased the % of lead in the atmosphere
-cars are required to have catalytic converters (unless they are older than 1973)
-Restricted burning of coal in certain areas
-established the cap & trade program
-established the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) to carry out studies on noise & its effect on public health and welfare

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2
Q

Cap & Trade Program
(Part of Clean Air Act)

A

Established a carbon cap that gets stricter over time, where excess emissions can be “traded” or sold to other companies as supply and demand set the price
[effective because trading gave companies an incentive to cut emissions to save/make money]

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3
Q

Pollutants from coal-burning

(& their effects)

A

-SO2, Sulfur dioxide
-NO Nitrogen oxides
-CO2 Carbon dioxide
-(Hg) Mercury & Lead (Pb)

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4
Q

Externalities

A

costs of a resource that are not covered in bills
(Funding a power plant but there is an added cost of air pollution)

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5
Q

Ground-level ozone in most major US cities result from what?

A

vehical exhaust

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6
Q

primary pollutant

A

a pollutant emitted from a source directly into the atmosphere

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7
Q

Fly ash & bottom ash are?

A

residues created when power plants burn coal

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8
Q

How does smog form?

A

CO2, NOx, & VOCs from factory smoke combine with the Sun’s UV rays to produce PANs & O3, creating essentially a cloud of pollution (one that is incapable of dissipating in when in a basin or encased by mountains)

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9
Q

Photochemical smog

A

brown smog with pungent odor & a high amount of Nitrogen dioxide, made by: (NO2&VOCs) + Sunlight

Most commonly formed in areas with a lot of warm weather & sunlight

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10
Q

Effects of Photochemical Smog

A

birth defects, asthma, eye irritation, respiratory problems, and reduced lung function

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11
Q

When is ground level ozone concentration at its peak?

A

Afternoon during the summer (as ozone is produced by chemical reactions between oxygen and sunlight)

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12
Q

At what time is Nitrogen oxide is produced?

A

early in the day

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13
Q

How can Photochemical smog be reduced?

A

Reducing nitrogen oxide & VOCs by using catalytic converters on cars

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14
Q

phenomenon where the air of different temperatures invert in the atmosphere, causing the dense warm upper air layer to trap down pollution close to the ground, (especially smog & particulates)

A

Temperature/Thermal/Atmospheric Inversion

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15
Q

How is air temperature distributed during Atmospheric Inversion?

A

cold air (ground level) to warm air then colder air

asending order

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16
Q

CO2 appears naturally in the atmosphere from sources such as…

A

respiration, decomposition, forest fires & volcanic eruption

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17
Q

Common indoor air pollutants

A

radon, mold, dust &
-Lead - in old plumbing pipes/fixtures & some paints
-Formaldehyde - building materials, furniture, upholstery, & carpeting
-(most common) VOCs from furniture, paneling and/or carpets
-insulation (aerosoles)

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18
Q

Indoor air pollutant particulates

A

asbestos, dust, & cigarette/vape smoke (VOCs are most common)

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19
Q

Health Effects of Formaldehyde

A

irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and/or skin

20
Q

a colorless, odorless, non-anthropogenic carcinogen gas that seeps through the foundation of houses due to radioactive decay of Uranium 238 in earth’s underlying rocks. (may also be in the groundwater entering homes through a well)

A

Radon

21
Q

How long should a test for radon be?

A

As radon levels fluctuate, you’ll get the most accurate results from a long-term test. (around 90 days)

22
Q

Radon Remediation:

A

-Seal & caulk foundation cracks
-Install a soil suction radon reduction system, (aka vent pipe & fan system) where a 3-4inch pipe pulls radon from under the house & vents it outside, keeping it from accumulating inside
-Create a gas-permeable layer beneath the slab or flooring (not for homes with a crawl space)
-Install plastic sheeting on top of the gas-permeable layer

23
Q

Most common way for asbestos fibers to enter the body is through…

A

breathing
(if inhaled or ingested some fibers may get into the lungs, or, if swallowed, into the digestive tract, causing health problems)

24
Q

Health Risks of Asbestos

A

-Asbestosis: a serious, chronic, non-cancerous respiratory disease that may cause cardiac failure
-Mesothelioma: rare form of cancer that often occurs in the thin membrane lining of the lungs, chest, abdomen, and (rarely) heart, (cancers in the esophagus, larynx, oral cavity, stomach, colon & kidney may also be caused by ingesting asbestos)

25
Q

Methods to reduce air pollution from coal burning power plants

A

-Scrubbers (remove particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams

-electrostatic precipitators - (captures particulates)

Dry scrubbers for particulates, Wet for gasses & particulates

26
Q

Downside of scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators-particulates

A

the particulates collected are coal ash, which contains toxic levels of several different pollutants that is then collected & stored long-term in coal ash ponds near the plant where they contribute to acid mine drainage, as well as surface and groundwater pollution

27
Q

Limestone bedrock has the ability to neutralize the effect of

A

acid rain on lakes and ponds

28
Q

any precipitation with high levels of SOx that damages the environment and eats away at structures

A

Acid Rain

29
Q

Acid rain and deposition can increase in the concentrations of soluble heavy metals in a local pond and soils in a local pond & soils, which ________

A

can lead to the acidification (LOWERed pH) of soils & bodies of water

30
Q

Acid rain effect on trees

A

tree damage resulting in lowered resistance to pests, plants struggle to take in water, decreases trees ability to withstand cold weather, and lowers their rate of photosynthesis,

31
Q

How to Control Acid Disposition

A

Reduce SO2 and NO2 emissions by switching to alternative energies such as solar, hydroelectric and wind power
Legislation: (The Clean Air Act) set standards on how much NO2 and SO2 are allowed to be emitted

32
Q

Sources of urban noise pollution

A

transportation, construction, domestic, & industrial activity

33
Q

Effects of hearing loss

A

stunted developmentally, worse test scores,

34
Q

Effects of noise pollution on animals in ecological systems

A

stress, the masking of sounds used to communicate or hunt, damaged hearing, and causing changes to migratory routes

35
Q

sound at levels high enough to cause physiological stress and eventual permanent hearing loss

A

noise pollution

36
Q

Health Risk of Radon

A

Lung cancer

37
Q

True or False: industrial smog does not contain ozone

A

true

38
Q

CFCs deplete…

A

the ozone layer

39
Q

What do electro precipitators collect?

A

particles/particulates

40
Q

What do scrubbers collect?

(wet scrubbers)

A

toxic gases & particulate matter

(dry scrubbers just capture particulates)

41
Q

Primary gas responsible for acid rain

A

Sulfur dioxide

42
Q

what causes photochemical smog?

A

nitrogen oxides + volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) exposed to UV rays

From Burning Fossil Fuels

43
Q

catalytic converters collect

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), & Hydrocarbon (HC)

44
Q

baghouse filters in exhaust systems capture:

A

particulates (least effective)

45
Q

vapor recovery nozzle

A

device on gasoline pumps preventing toxic fumes from escaping into the air when fueling a vehicle

46
Q

What is the primary anthropogentic cause of acid rain in the northeast United States?

A

Burning Fossil Fuels

47
Q
A

APES (10 decks)

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