Unit 3 Flashcards
species that benefit from a consistent environment, survival is reliant on specific aspects/resources
Specialist Species
species tolerant to environmental changes due to their varied diets and habitats
Generalist Species
R-Select Species
- Sexually mature quickly
- Have the capacity to be invasive species
- Shorter life expectancy
- Unstable Environment
- Each individual only reproduces once
- Higher possible population density (independent)
- More likely to be invasive
- Follows Type ||| survivorship curve
population fluctuates depending on available resources
Think Rat
K-Select Species
- Larger species
- Few reproductive events (have fewer offspring)
- Devote a lot of energy to parenting
- Longer Life expectancy
- Stable Environment
- Each individual can produce offspring more than once
- Lower possible population density (dependent)
- Follow Type | or Type || survivorship curves
population stays constantly close to carrying capacity
Carrying Capastity is appreviated as **K
name of graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group
Survivorship Curve
Survivorship Curve Type
High survivorship, death of old age
ex: Humans in developed countries, Domesticated Animals
Type 1 Survivorship Curve
____
\
Survivorship Curve Type
Consistent proportion of birth & death over time (aka the mortality of an individual does not depend on age)
Type 2 Survivorship Curve
\
Survivorship Curve Type
High mortality at young ages, many offspring produced
Type 3 Survivorship Curve
\_____
Percent Change Formula
Final-Initial
————————- x100
Initial
Growth Curve Type
S-shaped curve, population booms, then reaches constancy (carrying capacity)
Logistic Growth Curve
Growth Curve Type
J-shaped curve, population growing rapidly & hasn’t leveled off
Exponential Growth Curve
Exponential Growth: a growth rate that increases at a constant rate for a fixed amount of time/population growing exponentially with time/doubling in size over equal increments of time
portion of the growth graph in which the population plateaus; where the rate at which the replenished resources of an ecosystem is equal to # of organisms born
Carrying Capacity
reproductive lag time, the time it takes for the birth rate to decrease and the death rate to increase in response to limited resources
Population Overshoot
a crash or a die-off/a decline in population density
(overshoot consequence)
Population Collapse
the maximum rate at which a population can grow in optimal conditions with unlimited resources
Biotic potential
factors that limit biotic potential, abiotic and biotic factors both limit the organism from endlessly increasing its population
Environmental Resistance
Biotic factors
(for population)
predation, competition, parasitism etc
Abiotic factors
(for population)
climate conditions & disaster
a graph that represents the percentage of the population in each age group, helps interpret the relative population growth rate of the population
Age Pyramid
name of each age group listed on an age pyramid
Cohort
the higher % of people around age 15, the more the population will continue to rise (this large cohort will become a reproductive population in the future) **Continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level is indicative of population momentum
Population Momentum
Age Pyramid Type
- Pyramid shape
- Lots of reproductive women
- Low GDPs
- High birth & death rates
- Lack of medicinal care
- Agriculture based economies
- Developing Countries
Rapid Growth
(First)
Age Pyramid Type
- “Rectangular”
- “Equal” birth & death rates
- High GDPs
- Industrial based economies
- Educated women (lower birth rates)
- Developed Countries
Stable Growth
(Stage 3)
Age Pyramid Type
Inverted Pyramid Shape
Small pre-reproductive cohort
Lower Birth than Death Rate
High GDPs.
Industrial based economies
Developed, progressive countries
Decline
Growth Rate Terms
TFR
Total fertility rate: How many children an average women has in her life time
(affected by childbearing age, female education, rights, & government
Worldwide TFR is falling as many developing countries undergo ________: lower infant mortality rates, expanding rights, family planning services, education, & jobs for women
Demographic Transition
RLF stands for…
Replacement Level Fertility
(higher in countries with high infant mortality)
determined by Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Rate
Quality of Life
Net Annual Percentage Growth Rate aka Population Growth Rate Formula
(birth + immigration) - (death + emigration) ————————————x100
Total Population
Limiting Factor for Global Population
Earth’s Carrying Capacity
Malthusian Theory: population increases until competition rises to the point of one of the four horsemen arriving
Population Doubling Formula
70
————–
Growth Rate %
Population Density Independent Factors
Population’s birth or death rates influenced regardless of the population density
EX: Natural disasters like hurricanes or tsunamis
Population Density Dependent Factors
birth or death rates are influenced by population density
EX: Diseases
Stage 1 Population Qualities
aka: high stationary
-High Birth Rate
-High Death Rate
-High Infant Mortality Rate
-expanding population
-Close to 0 pop growth
Shape: Inverted Pyramid
Stage 2 Population Qualites
aka: Early Expanding
-High Birth Rate
-Rapidly Falling Death Rate
-Very Rapid Population Increase
Shape: Pyramid
Stage 3 Population Qualities
aka: Late Expanding
-Falling Birth Rate
-Slowly Falling Death Rate
-Slowing Population Increase
Shape: tall rounded pyramid
Stage 4 Population Qualities
aka: low stationary
-Low Birth Rate
-Low Death Rate
-Slow/Stable Decrease
-Close to 0 population growth
Shape: Oval-ish
Stage 5 Population Qualities
aka: Declining
-Very Low Birth Rate
-Low Death Rate
-Slow Population Decrease
____ occur most commonly on fault lines
Earthquakes
(location)
Divergent plate boundary is
between the Americas & Africa/Europe
a semi-solid magma layer consisting of iron, magnesium, and silicon
Crust/Mantle
N/A
