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APES > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When available food decreases, competition…

A

increases

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2
Q

a close and long-term interaction between two species in an ecosystem

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

(type of symbiosis)

both species benefit from the relationship

ex: bacteria in your intestines

A

Mutualism

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4
Q

(type of symbiosis)

one species benefits and the other isn’t helped or harmed

A

Commensalism

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5
Q

(type of symbiosis)

one species feeds off the host species and the organism that is harmed is called the host

A

Parasitism

btw: parasite isn’t a predator, because it usually does not kill the host

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6
Q

competition between the same species

A

Intraspecific competition

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7
Q

competition between two different species

A

Interspecific competition

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8
Q

The role the species plays in its ecosystem

A

Niche

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9
Q

organisms occupy different spaces in the same habitat

ex: dif bird species occupy dif heights on the same tree

A

spatial niche partitioning

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10
Q

organisms separate resources by what they eat

ex:Sapsuckers eat insects in sap, & woodpeckers dig in trunk for insects

A

dietary niche partitioning

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11
Q

Different species access resources at different heights

A

niche partitioning by resource height

Smartweed roots reach down 100cm Indian mallow 70cm & foxtail roots 20cm

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12
Q

When species differ in their competitive abilities based on varying environmental conditions

A

temporal niche partitioning

ex: woodrats are active at night while cottontails are active in the day

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13
Q

animals “preparing” food to be consumed by other animals and progressing their species

A

Facilitation

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14
Q

preventing a species from growing in population

A

Interference

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15
Q

a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climate and communities of plants and animals that result from, and are adapted to, their environment

A

Biome

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16
Q

biome

-aka boreal forest
-Largest is in Russia
-long, cold winters
-100in of precip
-acidic, low humus

A

Taiga

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17
Q

biome

-cool,humid
-high rain (esp in winter)
-Moderate temps
-slow decomp

A

Temperate Rainforest

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18
Q

biome

-US has the largest
-4 seasons
-deep soil layers
-rich in humus
-30-100 in precip

A

Temperate Seasonal Forest

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19
Q

biome

-Largest in Brazil & Indonesia
-near equator
-steady,humid temp
-low humus
-shallow roots

A

Tropical Rainforests

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20
Q

biome

-aka shrubland
-slight seasons
-hot/dry summer
-wet winters
-wetter winters=worse fires in summer

A

Chaparral

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21
Q

biome

-dry, cool winters
-warm summers
-Veggie growth
-4 seasons(winds)

A

Temperate Grasslands

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22
Q

biome

-aka tropical seasonal forest
-grazing animals
-tall grass, few trees
-dry winters
-wet summers

A

Savanna

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23
Q

biome

-20-30 latitude
-almost no plants
-dry, little precip
-winds
-little to no topsoil

A

Desert

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24
Q

biome

-aka arctic
-largest is in Alaska
-Frozen biome
-Dry, Low precip
-lots of humus

A

Tundra

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25
Q

-Coldest, after Arc
-southern hemisphere
-20% of the Earth
-Monthlong night

A

Antarctic

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26
Q

More precipitation = More

A

Biodiversity

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27
Q

include oceans, coral reefs, marshland, and estuaries

A

Marine biomes

(Streams are not a marine biome)

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28
Q

the primary source of dissolved oxygen on earth (land & sea)

A

Photosynthesis by microscopic plankton (phytoplankton)

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29
Q

Shallow water, reef-building corals have a symbiotic relationship with _________ which live in their tissues.

A

photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae

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30
Q

the greatest source of freshwater

A

Glaciers

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31
Q

animals responsible for building reefs, cover very little of the ocean floor

A

Coral polyps

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32
Q

ocean’s fish depend on healthy coral reefs because

A

-they protect coastlines from storms and erosion
-processes fish waste (lowers BOD
-used as food and medicines
(ocean warming causes reefs to die)

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33
Q

BOD

A

Biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD increase = DO decrease)

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34
Q

DO

A

Dissolved oxygen

(BOD increase = DO decrease)

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35
Q

Acidity measures:

A

pH level

36
Q

Turbidity measures:

A

amount of solids suspended in water

37
Q

Hardness measures:

A

how much Mg2+ & Ca2+ is present

38
Q

Salinity

A

salty-ness (amount of NaCl)

39
Q

fertile land that that has nutrients (slit & clay) replenished by floods

A

Floodplain

40
Q

found where rivers meet sea, one of the most productive ecosystems in the world

A

Estuaries

41
Q

coastal wetlands flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides

A

Salt marshes

42
Q

the process of strong winds on the coasts of continents in conjunction with the earth’s rotation, causes surface waters to be pushed offshore where deeper water is then pulled up to take its place, associated with coastal currents

A

Coastal Upwelling

43
Q

zone of a body of water

highest diversity, salty & not salty, cold & warm, wet & dry

A

Intertidal zone

44
Q

Act that requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies

A

Safe Drinking Water Act

45
Q

Act that provides legislation to protect rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans

A

Clean Water Act

46
Q

Sources

A

release more than absorb

47
Q

Sinks

A

absorbs more than release

48
Q

Limiting factors for plant growth:

A

nitrogen and phosphorus
[phosphorus especially in marine ecosystems as it is an insoluble solid]

49
Q

Primary recevoir of the carbon cycle

A

limestone

(Limestone is made of carbon, O2 & calcium)

50
Q

Main recevoirs of the carbon cycle

A

sedimentary rocks
-fossilized organic carbon (fossil fuels)
-ocean
-biosphere

51
Q

Annual fluctuation in atmospheric CO2 is due to…

A

seasonal cycles in photosynthesis

52
Q

Sources of Carbon

A

Combustion of fuel, decomposition, burning of fossil fuels like gas, coal and oil, deforestation and volcanic eruptions

53
Q

Null

A

ocean, soil and forests are the world’s largest carbon sink

54
Q

Burning fossil fuels contributes to the net increase in atmospheric carbon because

A

sequestered carbon underground is added to carbon cycling between the atmosphere and biosphere

55
Q

Removal & storage of carbon (usually as CO2) from the atmosphere into carbon sinks through physical/biological processes

A

Sequestering

56
Q

Carbon Cycle can be broken into two subcycles

A

respiration and photosynthesis

57
Q

Decomposition results in the storage of carbon as

A

coal and oil

58
Q

Primary recevoir of the nitrogen cycle

A

atmosphere

soil is also a recevoir for nitrogen

Nitrogen is in recevoirs for short periods of time

59
Q

N2 gas fixed by lighting or bacteria

N2 gas –> Organic Nitrogen

A

Nitrogen Fixation

1st step in the nitrogen cycle

60
Q

N2 gas (atmospheric nitrogen) converted into a form of the ammonia for uptake by plants so that it can be synthesized into plant tissue

Organic Nitrogen –> Ammonia

A

Ammonification

2nd Step of nitrogen cycle

61
Q

the process that converts ammonia to nitrite & then to nitrate, occurs aerobically & is carried out exclusively by prokaryotes

Amonnia –> nitrite & then nitrate

A

Nitrification

3rd Step in the nitrogen cycle

62
Q

Plant roots absorb ions of ammonium & nitrate to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, & proteins

A

Assimilation

4th Step in the Nitrogen cycle

63
Q

Nitrate ions & nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas & nitrogen gas (N2)

A

Denitrification

5th step in the nitrogen cycle

64
Q

Examples of Inorganic Nitrogen

A

N2 gas, nitrate, nitrite, & ammonium

65
Q

Examples of Organic Nitrogen

A

amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids

66
Q

Fossil Fuel Examples

A

Coal, Crude Oil, & Natural Gases

67
Q

Primary recevoir of the Phosphorus cycle

A

sediment

68
Q

why does the phosphorus cycle take the longest?

A

phosphorus has no gaseous state

-why scarce in aquatic & many terrestrial ecosystems (also cause compounds are often insoluble)
-it is a limiting factor in biological systems

69
Q

possible source of phosphorus in ecosystems

A

Guano (bird & bat feces)

70
Q

Primary Recevoir of the Hydrofluoric Cycle

A

Ocean

(then ice caps & groundwater)

71
Q

The Hydrofluoric Cycle is powered by

A

the sun

72
Q

trees increase the rate of…

A

water infiltration

73
Q

process of water vapor “evaporating” from leaves into the atmosphere

(aka evapotranspiration)

A

Transpiration

74
Q

process of water seepage into the earth

A

Infiltration

75
Q

the amount of energy generated

A

Gross Primary Productivity

GPP = NPP + CR

76
Q

rate of energy storage in by photosynthesis after GPP is subtracted by cellular respiration (affected by: temperature, precipitation, & latitude)

A

Net Primary Productivity

NPP = GPP - CR

77
Q

the rate at which solar energy (sunlight) is converted into organic compounds (glucose & O2) via photosynthesis over a unit of time

A

Primary productivity

(also known as primary production)

78
Q

the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions

A

Cellular respiration

79
Q

Measured by production in a single meter of land, ____ produces the most biomass

(biome)

A

tropical rainforests

80
Q

________ produce the largest share of Earth’s biomass

A

Open oceans

81
Q

____ of the energy that the lower level collects is moved up to the next trophic level, the rest (low quality energy) is released as heat

A

10%

82
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed - only transformed

83
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy moves from high to low quality (more disordered) when transformed

84
Q

a model of an interlocking pattern of food chains that depicts the flow of energy and nutrients in two or more food chains

A

food web

85
Q

Matter is recycled by ______

A

decomposers

86
Q

Plants absorb only ____ of the sun’s energy

A

1%

87
Q

Order of Trophic Levels

A

4)Top Predators
3)Intermediate Predators
2)First Order Consumers
1)Primary Producers
(also written as)
4)Top Carnivore
3)Primary Carnivore
2)Herbivores
1)Producers

APES (10 decks)

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