Unit 7 Flashcards
Forgetting
deterioration in performance of learned behaviour following a retention interval
Retention interval
a period where learning, practice or behaviour does not occur
Declarative memory
memory that can be expressed in words, pictures and gestures
Semantic memory
“knowledge of the world” - Tulving
episodic memory
non-declarativememory; personally experienced events
aka autobiographical or event memories
Non-declarative memory
learning that cannot be expressed
aka implicit knowledge
free recall
giving the opportunity to perform a previously learned behaviour
cued recall
aka prompted recall
when hints/prompts are presented to increase the likelihood a behaviour will be produced
used with animals
Relearning method
measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance
Savings method
the savings in re-training versus the original training (relearned method)
Recognition
Measures forgetting through identification of previously learned material; may contain distractors
DMTS
delayed matching to sample
similar to MTS however, the stimulus is not “matched” (animal is prevented from performing presentation of the sample)
Extinction method
when forgetting occurs more rapidly than it would have otherwise
learned behaviour -> retention interval -> put on extinction
Gradient degradation
Measuring forgetting through the flattening of a generalization gradient
Overlearning
learning something beyond mastery level and effects of learning remain over a longer period of time
Fluency
the number of correct responses per minute; a measure of learning
Proactive interference
when prior learning interferes with present learning or recall of new info
Paired associate learning
Calkin’s procedure where participants learn A-C pairs of words. Some learn A-B pairs prior to A-C; those who learned A-B experienced more difficulty recalling A-C after a retention interval. More prior learned lists = more difficulty
Retroactive inference
When learning increases forgetting of previous learning
Context
stimuli present during learning that is not directly relevant to learning
Cue-dependent forgetting
forgetting due to the absence of stimuli that are present during learning
Rovee-Collier
Mobile-baby kicking experiment; when the bumper was changed, the baby forgot behaviour
example of cue-dependent forgetting
Greenspoon + Raynard
student test results are better when tested under the same situation that learning occurs in
- cue-dependent forgetting
State-dependent learning
when performance of learned behaviour varies with the physiological state during learning and retention
Overton
state-dependent learning
rats tranquilized, taught a maze. when sober, cannot complete maze
when tranquilized again, successfully complete maze
Imaginary inflation
when imagining an event that did not happen leads to the individual believing it did
- retroactive interference - learning of “new” things induces forgetting of past learning
Loftus
malleability of eyewitnesses
definite (the) vs indefinite (a) verbs - makes a difference in recall
Distributed practice
practice distributed over a period of time
Massed practice
cramming
Bahrick
students who study 1x month/7 months forgot less than students studying 7 days in a row
SAFMEDS
say all fast minute each day shuffle
instinctive drift
the tendency to revert back to a fixed action pattern
Seligman’s continuum of preparedness
animal is genetically prepared, unprepared or contra-prepared
