Unit 6 Flashcards
Observational learning
learning from the experiences of a model
learning from observing events and their consequences
Active Model type
aka social observational learning
vicarious reinforcement
when a model’s behaviour strengthens an observer’s tendency of that behaviour
vicarious punishment
when a model’s behaviour weakens the observer’s tendency of that behaviour
Warden
two-compartment box of monkeys; 58 observations - monkey attempts to problem solve
Hopper
similar to Warden
chimp models left/right sliding of door to access grape.
observer is always successful and always slides to the same direction
Levy
children pick preferential photos and given corresponding feedback
observer leans towards their preferences and prefer pics that gain priase
Kanfer
isolated college student prompted to give first word that comes to mind
“hears” other responses and is more likely to use those responses, especially if the response gained praise
Asocial learning
learning from events in the absence of a model
no vicarious reinforcement or punishment
Ghost condition
movement that are seemingly caused by no person from the observer’s perspective
(e.g., fishing line)
Imitation
behave in a way that resembles a model
Lyons
jar w/ toy and feather “tapping” - child identifies silly vs necessary tasks, corrected if necessary and otherwise praised
when given the opportunity to open a jar unsupervised, they will still do the silly steps
over-imitation
superfluous completion of a behaviour after witnessing superfluous steps
generalized imitation
the tendency to imitate (versus the specific imitation of behaviour)
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
four cognitive processes responsible for learning
attentional, retentional, motor-reproductive, motivational
attentional processes
self-directing attention towards the environment, construction of meaningful perception from ongoing modelled events
retentional processes
representative images of the model’s behaviour to assist encoding
motor-reproductive processes
symbolic representations stored during retentional processes
motivational processes
the evaluating of the PERCEIVED/EXPECTED consequences of a behaviour
covert rehearsal
silent /unobservable rehearsing
Generalization
the tendency for a learning experience to spread and sometimes “transfer” or move”
Transfer
aka generalization
Response generalization
generalization across behaviours
Stimulus generalization
generalization across situations
Generalization gradient
graph of stimuli similar to CS vs response
Discrimination training notation
CS+ and CS- (inhibit)
S- or S▵ (inhibit)
S+ or SD (excite)
Stimulus Discrimination
the tendency for behaviour to occur in certain situations but not other
Discrimination training
procedure to establish discrimination between stimulus
Simultaneous discrimination training
simultaneously presented stimulus
Successive discrimination training
successive presented stimulus
Matching to sample (MTS)
select stimulus similar to sample
Oddity matching or mismatching
select stimulus opposite to sample or mismatched
Terrace procedure
errorless discrimination training
Errorless discrimination training
decreases errors; incorrect stimuli is presented in short bouts
DOE
differential outcomes effect; varied consequences and reinforcers
Stimulus control
when a behaviour is brought out by discrimination training
Mental rotation
generalization; rotating letters for MTS
Concepts
using defining features to discriminate from one class to another
Reit et al.
college students rotating geometric shapes to MTS
more rotation = more time to identify
Herrnstein et al.
concept learning; pigeons peck images with humans
Smoking relapse
Pavlov’s theory
Physiological links between excitiation and inhibition areas of the brain. Similar stimuli (CS+) evoke similar responses, and the UR/CR occurs.
Spence’s Theory
drops Pavlov’s physiology and keeps excitation and inhibition
the tendency to respond is reduced by the tendency to note respond
Excitatory gradient
generalization gradient that results in excitation or increased tendency with SD or CS+
Inhibitory gradient
generalization gradient that results in decreased tendency or inhibition with Sdelta or CS-
Peak shift
the shift in behaviour away from the SD in opposite direction of the Sdelta
Lashley-Wade
gradient is dependent upon prior experience; there is always a prior experience with a similar stimuli
