Unit 2 Flashcards
Unconditional reflex
= unconditional stimulus -> unconditional response
Unconditional stimulus
triggers an unconditional response to make up an unconditional reflex
Unconditional response
triggered by an unconditional stimulus to make up an unconditional reflex
Conditional reflex
occur depending on many conditions
CS + CR = conditional reflex
Conditional stimulus
stimulates a condition response (CR) to make up a conditional reflex
Conditional response
occurs after a conditional stimulus (CS) to make up a conditional reflex
Pavlov identified two types of reflexes, _____ and _____.
unconditional
conditional
Higher-order conditioning
pairing a neutral stimulus with an established conditional stimulus (CS)
Frolov
In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a well-established ______ stimulus.
conditional
latency
measure of learning corresponding to response time
Test trials
aka Probe trials
the CS is presented alone (no US) to see if the CR occurs
conditional stimulus -> conditional response
Pseudoconditioning
the tendency of a neutral stimuli to elicit a CR after a US elicits a reflex.
aka a false appearance of a CR that arises from unrelated factors
US + (other factor) -> CR
Trace conditioning
CS-US pairing; gap between the two stimuli occuring
CS -> time -> US -> UR
Delay conditioning
CS + US contiguity; the US appears before the CS disappears
e.g., thunder begins before lightning end
CS + US -> UR
Simultaneous conditioning
The CS and US start and end together
- weak procedure
CS + US -> UR
Backward conditioning
The CS follows the US. Rarely works in lab (Pavlov assistant tried 427 times)
US -> CS -> UR
Contingency
if-then; CS-US pairing
↑Reliability ↑Learning
Continguity
the closeness in time or space between two events.
ISI
Interstimulus interval
the contiguity of CS-US pairing.
The shorter the ISI, the more efficient the conditioning
Taste aversion
Pairing a distinctive taste with something nausea-inducing.
ISI can be several hours.
Compound stimulus
2+ stimuli paired together.
Tested together than separately to determine learning
Overshadowing
one stimulus overshadowing the effect of the other
Latent inhibition
The appearance of a stimulus without the US, which causes interference with the ability of that stimulus to become a CS later.
Affects contingency.
Blocking
The prior experience with a stimulus interferes with the ability for it to become a CS
Sensory preconditioning
Two neutral stimuli are repeatedly paired together without a US.
Then, one is paired with a US to become a CS
-> the unpaired stimulus then creates a CR response
InterTRIAL interval
The gap between successive trials. Affects the rate of conditioning.
Intertrial intervals -> longer is better
Interstimulus intervals -> shorter is better
Four variables that affect the rate of conditioning are:
how the CS and US are paired; CS–US contingency; CS–US contiguity; stimulus features; prior experience with CS and US; number of CS–US pairings; intertrial interval; age; temperament; emotional state/stress.
Extinction
Repeated presentation of the CS alone until the CR no longer occurs
CS is paired with an absence of the US. Not “forgetting”
Spontaneous recovery
The reoccurrence of a CR from an extinguished CS
Stimulus Substitution Theory
As per Pavlov, the CS is a substitution for the US.
Repeated pairings cause the US-UR neural link to be established between the CS-UR. CS/US stimulate the same area of the brain.
According to stimulus substitution theory, the ______ substitutes for the ______.
conditional stimulus (CS)
unconditional stimulus (US)
Preparatory response theory
Kimble proposed the UR is an innate response that deals with the US, but the CR is a response designed to prepare for the US
Kimble
Preparatory response theory
Preparatory response theory
Kimble suggested the UR is an innate response for dealing with the US,
and the CR merely prepares for the CS
Seigel
Compensatory response theory; argued the CR prepares for the US by compensating for it’s effects
morphine (US) -> ↓ sensitivity to pain (UR)
associated stimuli (CS) -> ↑ sensitivity to pain (CR)
Lightfoot
Compensatory response theory w/ college students
beer 5 days in a row over 30 min. Fifth day = new space. The students in the new place were more drunk
Novel setting lacked the other CS, so there was no compensatory CR, and alcohol is more effective
Compensatory response theory
Variation of the preparatory response theory - Seigel argues the CR preps for the US by compensation
Conditional Awareness theory
Proposes the CR is a result of awareness of the CS-US connection However, conditioning can occur without CS-US contingency awareness
Rescorla-Wagner model
There is a limit on the amount of conditioning that can occur with stimuli. Determined by nature of the US (bread vs meat), and maximum learning occurred (e.g., 100 bee stings -> fear doesn’t increase)
The Rescorla-Wagner model recognizes that the greatest amount of learning occurs in the ______ pairings of CS and US.
first/earliest
In trace conditioning, the ______ begins and ends before the ______ appears.
CS
US
In delay conditioning, the ______ ends only after the ______ begins.
CS
US
In Pavlovian conditioning, ______ usually refers to the interval between CS and US.
contiguity
If one part of a compound stimulus fails to become a CS, ______ has occurred.
overshadowing
Wallace & Rosen
Demonstrated that rats have a UR to the odorous chemicals of fox feces. Survival advantage.
Watson + Rayner
Little Albert
US (noise) -> UR (fear)
CS (rat) + US (noise) -> UR (fear)
Rat -> Fear
Jones
Counterconditioning which grew to exposure therapy
Peter, fear of rabbits: CS (rabbit) + positive US (snacks) -> decreased dear.
In vivo
Systemic Desentitization
Patient + therapist create a list of scenarios from comfortable -> extreme fear. Patient imagines scenarios and therapists conducts relaxation exercise to associate relaxation with the scenario.
Scenario (CR) + positive US (relaxation) -> CR (decreased fear)
Developed by Wolpe
Wolpe
systemic desensitization
VRET
virtual reality exposure therapy
Rothbaum -> heights, flying
Hoffman -> Miss Muppett’s spiders
Parish
predujice studies; American children towards Vietnamese; could not obtain the same results with blacks.
Olsson
paired images with positive or negative words; increased positive feelings toward black americans
Aversive therapy
a sexually-arousing CS is followed by a nonsexual US to eliminate the arousal
Lavin
therapy w/ crossdressing man. took pics, gave him emetic and showed him pics while an audio tape describing what was happening played. Effective.
Maletzsky
treated exhibitionists by pairing CS (imagining exposing) with a US (foul smelling acid). Effective.
Garcia
conditioned rats to avoid sweet water using gamma radiation
conditioned taste aversion or conditioned food avoidance
Conditioned taste aversion+ 2 differences w/ Pavlov
conditioned food avoidance; Garcia
1. CS + US occurs ONCE
2. ISI trial is several minutes
Food -> poison can be delayed (Explains long ISI), and can result in death (one trial and done!)
Gorn
Paired music with a pen color. American music = preferred the corresponding pen color.
Ethnic music = preferred to non-corresponding pen color
Stuart
Toothpaste: conditioned students to prefer a fictious toothpaste brand by pairing it with positive scenes
Gibson
Established in a coke/pepsi experiment that people who strongly favour something are difficult to persuade.
Albert became fearful of the rat because the arrival of the rat regularly preceded ______.
loud noise
VRET stands for ______ ______ ______ ______ (4).
virtual reality exposure therapy
Prejudice is an example of a CER, or ______.
conditional emotional response
In the Garcia experiment just described, the CS is______, and the US is______.
saccharin (sugar)
radiation
Advertisers pair their products with items that arouse ______.
positive emotions
Q6. Classical conditioning provides explanations for the basic phenomena of drug addiction, the high, ______ , ______, and______.
tolerance, withdrawal, relapse
Classical conditioning appears to be a way of helping to diagnose several
medical disorders, one of which is ______.
dementia/ Alzheimer’s / deafness/ autism/ OCD
The phenomenon of latent __________________ suggests that we are more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.
inhibition
People used to believe that children were instinctively afraid of fire, animals, and many other things. John Watson and Rosalie ___________________ found that many such fears were not innate but were acquired through conditioning.
Rayner
The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably _______________________.
Jones (Peter + rabbit + snacks)
The work of Staats and Staats suggests that prejudice may be partly the result of ___________________-order conditioning.
higher
. Dana Bovbjerg and his colleagues found that women receiving chemotherapy in a hospital later showed decreased functioning of their ____________________ system when they returned to the hospital.
immune
Gorn influenced product choice by pairing pens of a certain color with Certain kinds of ______________________
music
In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic
drug.
aversion
The pairing of a particular food with nausea-inducing stimuli often results in a conditioned ____________________________.
food avoidance
or
taste aversion
In ______________________ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.
aversion
Morgan Doran used conditioning to train sheep not to eat _________________________.
vineyard weeds
Masochism may be the result of pairing stimuli that cause pain or humiliation with those that cause __________________.
sexual arousal
