Unit 4

Question 1

Between-ratio pause

Answer 1

aka post-reinforcement pause, pre-ratio pauses

Question 2

Chain schedule

Answer 2

when reinforcement is delieverd on completion of the last in a series of schedule
e.g., CHAIN FR 10 FI 15” VR 20 -> reinforcement occurs after VR 20

Question 3

Concurrent schedule

Answer 3

2+ schedules available at a given time

Question 4

CRF

Answer 4

Behaviour is reinforced after every occurrence.
Leads to rapid increase in behaviour

Question 5

Cooperative schedule

Answer 5

Schedule depends on the behaviour of 2+ individuals

Question 6

Discrimination hypothesis

Answer 6

Capaldi
Extinction takes longer after intermittent reinforcement between it is harder to discriminate between intermittent - extinction vs continuous - extinction

Question 7

FD schedule

Answer 7

Fixed-duration schedules are when reinforcement is contingency of the continuous performance of a behaviour for X period of time.

Question 8

FI schedule

Answer 8

reinforcement is dispensed following a behaviour but only when the behaviour occurs after a given period of time

Question 9

FR schedule

Answer 9

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 10

FT schedule

Answer 10

Fixed-time schedule is a noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) schedule.
- reinforcer is delivered after a period of time regardless of what kind of behaviour occurs

Question 11

frustration hypothesis

Answer 11

Amsel argues nonreinforcement of previously reinforced behaviour is frustrating, which is an aversive emotional state, and anything that reduces frustration is reinforcement
CRF - no frustration;
during EXT, frustration is lowered by not performing behaviour
in intermittent, there is periods of non-reinforcement + frustration and frustration can become a cue for pressing the lever. Higher ratio = higher frustration

Question 12

intermittent schedule

Answer 12

when reinforcement occurs on some occasions but not other
contrast with CRT

Question 13

matching law

Question 14

mixed schedule

Answer 14

when behaviour is under the influence of 2+ schedules but there are no stimuli associated with the change in reinforcement contingencies
notation: MIX (followed by schedules)

Question 15

multiple schedule

Answer 15

when behaviour is under the influence of 2+ schedules
notation: MULTI (followed by schedules)
stimulus will inform changing of schedule (e.g., light, sound)

Question 16

NCR

Answer 16

noncontingent reinforcement schedules is when a reinforcer is delivered independently of behaviour
types: Fixed-time (FT) and variable time (VT)

Question 17

PR schedule

Answer 17

progressive ratio schedule (progressive schedule type) is when reinforcement requirement increases in a predetermined way, often immediately follow reinforcement
e.g., 1st reinforcement occurs at 2x, 2nd occurs at 4x, 3rd occurs at 6x.

Question 18

PRE

Answer 18

partial-reinforcement effect
when the tendency of a behaviour from an intermittent schedule is more resistant to extinction than a behaviour on CONTINUOUS reinforcement
Mowrer + Jones rats: greater ratio = greater presses during extinction

Question 19

post-reinforcement pause

Answer 19

AKA pre-ratio pause, between-ratio pause

Question 20

pre-ratio pause

Answer 20

post-reinforcement pauses; between reinforcement - behaviour beginning

Question 21

ratio strain

Answer 21

when a ratio is stretched too fast or too thin and the behaviour breaks down

Question 22

response unit hypothesis

Answer 22

Mowrer + Jones; the unit of behaviour changes from CRF to intermittant
CRF -> each behaviour is a unit
vs FR 2 -> 2 behaviours are a unit

Question 23

run rate

Answer 23

The rate at which behaviour occurs
- not effected by variables that affect post-reinforcement

Question 24

schedule effects

Answer 24

The distinct patterns of behaviour produced by a schedule of reinforcement

Question 25

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 25

A variation of rules describing the contingency between behaviour + reinforcement

Question 26

sequential hypothesis

Answer 26

Capaldi proposes EXT differences is a result of training sequences.
CRT - all presses are reinforcement, so during EXT, the cue for pressing (reinforcement) is absent and EXT occurs rapidly
Intermittent - some reinforced, some not, therefore the sequence of reinforcement and nonreinforcement are a signal - the thinner the reinforcement, the more resistant to EXT

Question 27

stretching the ratio

Answer 27

when the ratio of behaviour: reinforcer is stretched.
may produce ratio strain

Question 28

tandem schedule

Answer 28

similar to chain (reinforcement delivered on completion of last in a series of schedules) however, there is no distinctive event that signals the end of one schedule and beginning of the next.

Question 29

VD schedule

Answer 29

variable-duration schedule is contingent on a period of performance of an average.

Question 30

VI schedule

Answer 30

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement
-reinforcement occurs after an average interval
- cumulative record - VI response pattern is high, steady run rates. higher than FI but not as high as FR or VR

Question 31

VR schedule

Answer 31

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
- reinforcement occurs after an overall average
- cumulative record - VR produces more behaviour than FR (slope is more consistent)

Question 32

VT schedule

Answer 32

A Noncontingent reinforcer schedule; reinforcer is delivered periodically at irregular intervals regardless of behaviour

Question 33

Progressive ratio schedule

Answer 33

Has rules that systemically alter contingencies; the break point is when the behaviour stops or decreases frequency sharply

Question 34

EXT

Answer 34

Extinction is when a previously reinforced behaviour is not followed by a reinforcer. It is not a true schedule.
Immediate effect: extinction burst
- Increases emotional and variable behaviour (shaping)

Question 35

Ext burst

Answer 35

The immediate effect of extinction; an abrupt increase in behaviour.
After initial burst, the rate declines steadily

Question 36

Resurgence

Answer 36

When a behaviour is “on ext schedule”, another behaviour that used to be effective occurs
- regression

Question 37

break point

Answer 37

a break point occurs in progressive schedule, and is the point the rate of behaviour falls off sharply or entirely stops.