Unit 4 Flashcards
Between-ratio pause
aka post-reinforcement pause, pre-ratio pauses
Chain schedule
when reinforcement is delieverd on completion of the last in a series of schedule
e.g., CHAIN FR 10 FI 15” VR 20 -> reinforcement occurs after VR 20
Concurrent schedule
2+ schedules available at a given time
CRF
Behaviour is reinforced after every occurrence.
Leads to rapid increase in behaviour
Cooperative schedule
Schedule depends on the behaviour of 2+ individuals
Discrimination hypothesis
Capaldi
Extinction takes longer after intermittent reinforcement between it is harder to discriminate between intermittent - extinction vs continuous - extinction
FD schedule
Fixed-duration schedules are when reinforcement is contingency of the continuous performance of a behaviour for X period of time.
FI schedule
reinforcement is dispensed following a behaviour but only when the behaviour occurs after a given period of time
FR schedule
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
FT schedule
Fixed-time schedule is a noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) schedule.
- reinforcer is delivered after a period of time regardless of what kind of behaviour occurs
frustration hypothesis
Amsel argues nonreinforcement of previously reinforced behaviour is frustrating, which is an aversive emotional state, and anything that reduces frustration is reinforcement
CRF - no frustration;
during EXT, frustration is lowered by not performing behaviour
in intermittent, there is periods of non-reinforcement + frustration and frustration can become a cue for pressing the lever. Higher ratio = higher frustration
intermittent schedule
when reinforcement occurs on some occasions but not other
contrast with CRT
matching law
mixed schedule
when behaviour is under the influence of 2+ schedules but there are no stimuli associated with the change in reinforcement contingencies
notation: MIX (followed by schedules)
multiple schedule
when behaviour is under the influence of 2+ schedules
notation: MULTI (followed by schedules)
stimulus will inform changing of schedule (e.g., light, sound)
NCR
noncontingent reinforcement schedules is when a reinforcer is delivered independently of behaviour
types: Fixed-time (FT) and variable time (VT)
PR schedule
progressive ratio schedule (progressive schedule type) is when reinforcement requirement increases in a predetermined way, often immediately follow reinforcement
e.g., 1st reinforcement occurs at 2x, 2nd occurs at 4x, 3rd occurs at 6x.
PRE
partial-reinforcement effect
when the tendency of a behaviour from an intermittent schedule is more resistant to extinction than a behaviour on CONTINUOUS reinforcement
Mowrer + Jones rats: greater ratio = greater presses during extinction
post-reinforcement pause
AKA pre-ratio pause, between-ratio pause
pre-ratio pause
post-reinforcement pauses; between reinforcement - behaviour beginning
ratio strain
when a ratio is stretched too fast or too thin and the behaviour breaks down
response unit hypothesis
Mowrer + Jones; the unit of behaviour changes from CRF to intermittant
CRF -> each behaviour is a unit
vs FR 2 -> 2 behaviours are a unit
run rate
The rate at which behaviour occurs
- not effected by variables that affect post-reinforcement
schedule effects
The distinct patterns of behaviour produced by a schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement
A variation of rules describing the contingency between behaviour + reinforcement
sequential hypothesis
Capaldi proposes EXT differences is a result of training sequences.
CRT - all presses are reinforcement, so during EXT, the cue for pressing (reinforcement) is absent and EXT occurs rapidly
Intermittent - some reinforced, some not, therefore the sequence of reinforcement and nonreinforcement are a signal - the thinner the reinforcement, the more resistant to EXT
stretching the ratio
when the ratio of behaviour: reinforcer is stretched.
may produce ratio strain
tandem schedule
similar to chain (reinforcement delivered on completion of last in a series of schedules) however, there is no distinctive event that signals the end of one schedule and beginning of the next.
VD schedule
variable-duration schedule is contingent on a period of performance of an average.
VI schedule
variable-interval schedule of reinforcement
-reinforcement occurs after an average interval
- cumulative record - VI response pattern is high, steady run rates. higher than FI but not as high as FR or VR
VR schedule
variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
- reinforcement occurs after an overall average
- cumulative record - VR produces more behaviour than FR (slope is more consistent)
VT schedule
A Noncontingent reinforcer schedule; reinforcer is delivered periodically at irregular intervals regardless of behaviour
Progressive ratio schedule
Has rules that systemically alter contingencies; the break point is when the behaviour stops or decreases frequency sharply
EXT
Extinction is when a previously reinforced behaviour is not followed by a reinforcer. It is not a true schedule.
Immediate effect: extinction burst
- Increases emotional and variable behaviour (shaping)
Ext burst
The immediate effect of extinction; an abrupt increase in behaviour.
After initial burst, the rate declines steadily
Resurgence
When a behaviour is “on ext schedule”, another behaviour that used to be effective occurs
- regression
break point
a break point occurs in progressive schedule, and is the point the rate of behaviour falls off sharply or entirely stops.
