Unit 1

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

A particular behaviour triggered by a particular event.
Reflex = Event + Behaviour

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

A particular behaviour triggered by a particular event.
Reflex = Event + Behaviour

Question 3

Modal Action Pattern (MAP)

Answer 3

aka fixed action pattern or species-specific behaviour.

A series of actions found in most members of a species. Low variability

MAP = Releaser + Serial behaviour

Question 4

Releaser

Answer 4

The event that triggers a modal/fixed action pattern

Question 5

General behaviour traits

Answer 5

The tendency to engage in a certain type of behaviour. Great variety and no releasers.

Question 6

A reflex is a ______ between a ______ and a simple ______.

Answer 6

relation
stimulus
behaviour/response

Question 7

Modal action patterns differ from reflexes in that MAPs involve the ______ organism and are more ______ and ______.

Answer 7

entire
complex
variable

Question 8

The chief problem with natural selection is that it is ______.

Answer 8

slow

Question 9

Natural selection helps the ______ to adapt to change, not the ______.

Answer 9

species
individual

Question 10

Behaviour is anything an organism does that can be ______.

Answer 10

measured

Question 11

Learning

Answer 11

a change in behaviour due to a change in experience

Question 12

Behaviour

Answer 12

anything an individual does that can be measured

Question 13

Experience

Answer 13

the environment

Question 14

Stimuli

Answer 14

physical changes in the environment

Question 15

A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting ______.

Answer 15

behaviour

Question 16

Habituation

Answer 16

the reduced intensity or probability of reflex response because of repeatedly evoking the response

Question 17

Kuo’s experiment showed that whether cats killed rats depended on whether they saw ________.

Answer 17

their mother’s kill rats

Question 18

reticent

Answer 18

controlled, restrained

Question 19

Cumulative record

Answer 19

The measure of behaviour using a pen moving across a sheet of paper. The higher the slope, the higher the rate of behaviour.

Question 20

If the rate of behaviour is increasing, the slope of the cumulative record ______. A flat record indicates that the behaviour is ______.

Answer 20

increases
not occuring

Question 21

Fluency

Answer 21

Number of correct responses per minute

Question 22

Anecdotes

Answer 22

Reports of personal experience.
Less specific

Question 23

Case studies

Answer 23

Examination of a particular individual with great detail.
Require time and result in generalization.

Question 24

The chief difference between anecdotal and case study evidence is that anecdotal evidence is based on casual ______, whereas case studies ______.

Answer 24

observation
examine an individual in detail

Question 25

Descriptive study

Answer 25

Attempt to describe a group by collecting member data. Reduced risk of unrepresented participants and false conclusion Suggest hypothesis but do not test it.

Question 26

Experimental study

Answer 26

measure the effect of manipulating variables

Question 27

Independent variable

Answer 27

The experimental variable manipulated by researchers

Question 28

Dependent variable

Answer 28

The experimental variable affected by the independent and measured

Question 29

The essential element of a between-subjects design is that the independent variable varies ______ participants.

Answer 29

across

Question 30

Between-subjects experiments

Answer 30

2+ groups of participants have a varied independent variable between them. e.g., experimental group, control group

Question 31

Experimental group

Answer 31

The group of participants exposed to the independent variable

Question 32

Control group

Answer 32

The group not exposed to the independent variable

Question 33

Matched sampling

Answer 33

Offsets pre-treatment differences in a experimental group by matching participants with identical features and assigning each to the experimental/control group at random

Question 34

Within-subject experiment

Answer 34

experimental design where a participant's pre-treatment and post-treatment behaviour is measured.

Question 35

Baseline period

Answer 35

the pre-treatment measurement of behaviour in a within-subject experiment

Question 36

ABA reversal design

Answer 36

used in within-subject experiments to rule out extraneous variables. The experiment is repeated; participant is sent back to baseline and repeats the experiment.

Question 37

The essential element of a within-subject design is that the independent variable varies ______ participants.

Answer 37

within

Question 38

One advantage of animal research is that it provides better control of ______ and ______.

Answer 38

hereditary/genetics learning history/ previous learning

Question 39

The beneficiaries of behavioural research with animals include both ______ and ______.

Answer 39

humans animals

Question 40

Aversive

Answer 40

stimuli avoided when given the option; re: animal experiments

Question 41

Computer ______ cannot replace animal research because they are programmed based on findings from animal research.

Answer 41

simulations

Question 42

Learning is a ______ in ______ due to ______.

Answer 42

change behaviour experience

Question 43

The human fondness for sugar and ______ illustrates that behavior that has survival value at one time may be harmful at another time.

Answer 43

fat

Question 44

The sight of a chick with an open mouth reliably results in an adult bird providing food. The chick’s open mouth is an example of a ______.

Answer 44

modal action pattern

Question 45

Evolution is the product of ______ and ______.

Answer 45

natural selection time

Question 46

A reflex is a ______ between a specific ______ and a simple response.

Answer 46

relationship experience

Question 47

One example of a general behaviour trait is ______.

Answer 47

chick's open mouth = adult feeding

Question 48

______ is a reduction in the intensity or probability of a reflex response due to repeated exposure to a stimulus that elicits that response

Answer 48

Habituation

Question 49

Learning can be thought of as evolved ______.

Answer 49

behaviour

Question 50

The chief limitation of natural selection as a mechanism for coping with change is that it is ______.

Answer 50

slow

Question 51

Darwin likened natural selection to the ______ of animals.

Answer 51

selective breeding