Unit 7 Flashcards
Explicit/Declarative memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Ex: Recalling phone numbers.
Completing an exam.
Remembering items on a list.
Birth dates.
Important event dates.
Names.
Locations.
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
Ex: Rose was daydreaming when the principal made an announcement over the loudspeaker. When her friend asked what she said, Rose could remember what was said in the previous few seconds.
Episodic memory
involves the ability to learn store and retrieve info about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life
Ex: Your first kiss, first day of school, a friend’s birthday party, and your brother’s graduation
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture imagine memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second easily forgotten. Type of shallow processing
Ex: when you see a car passing by on the highway, and for a brief moment you can picture the car after it is gone.
Memory
The persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage & retrieval of information
Information processing model
Encoding ➡️ storage ➡️ retrieval
Encoding
Get info in your brain/processing of information into the memory system
example: extracting meaning of words
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, and frequency and well learned info such as word meaning
Ex: If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily.
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention & conscious effort
Storage
The process of retaining encoded info overtime
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Ex: A smell can act as a reminder of a favourite childhood meal; a song on the radio can trigger a memory from a special occasion.
Recall
A mesure in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier
Ex: fill in the blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person only identify items previously learned; mental familiarity
Ex: Recognizing a familiar face without being able to recall the person’s name
Multiple choice test
Recollection
The ability to remember things
Ferguson Craik & Robert Lockhart’s level of processing model
Shallow & deep processing
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
Ex: repeating words to remember them
Deep processing
Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words tends to yield the best retention
Atkinson-shiffrin three stage model of memory
To be remembered info- sensory memory
Process info into STM- encoded through rehearsal
Moves into LTM for later retrieval
Haptic memory
Info that can be recalled that was originally collected by the sense of touch
example: when you feel a raindrop on your skin, your haptic memory records that sensation, helping you recognize what ‘s happening
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few things briefly often thought to be about 7±2 items.
Ex: the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. Includes knowledge skills and experiences
Baddeley’s working memory
Memories that are still forming
Memory span
The number of items usually words that a person can retain and recall
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically
if you’re trying to memorize a long phone number like 555-1234: digits of a debit card
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating items over and over to maintain them in short term memory
Semantic memory
Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time
Ex: the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime
Implicit/non-declarative memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection
involves “knowing how” to do things
Ex: knowing how to play the piano, ride a bike, tie your shoes, and other motor skills
Eidetic memory
Photographic memory ability to recall an image from memory with high precision
Memory consolidation
The process through which a memory becomes stable in the brain and does not have to do with iconic or Echoic memory
Ex: if you study the same material regularly over a long period, the pathways involved in remembering that information becomes stronger.
Long term potential
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
example: if a mouse is placed in a pool of murky water, it will swim about until it finds a hidden platform to climb out on
