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Psychology > Unit 14 Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 14 Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by:
• the presence of others
• the internalized social norms of our culture

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2
Q

Social influence

A

Conforming to fit in with the group because you don’t want to appear foolish or be left out
To avoid rejection gain social approval or seem normal

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3
Q

Conformity

A

A change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from another person or group of people

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4
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Experiment that demonstrated the extent to which social pressure group could could cause a person to conform

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5
Q

Informational influence

A

Where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who they believe may have more info

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6
Q

Normative influence “social norm”

A

Conforming to fit in with the group because you don’t want to appear foolish or be left out to gain social approval to appear normal

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7
Q

Obedience

A

Following orders typically given by an authority figure

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8
Q

Passionate Love

A

Intense absorption with one another usually at the beginning of a romantic relationship

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9
Q

Companionate Love

A

Deep love & commitment such as that between long-married couples for whom passionate love might no longer be active

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10
Q

Consummate Love

A

Love that consist of all three components considered to be the “ultimate” form of love but research shows it’s harder to maintain than to achieve passion wanes over time

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11
Q

Culture

A

The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values & traditions shared by a group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next

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12
Q

Attribution theory

A

Concerned with how ordinary people explain the causes of behavior & events

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13
Q

Dispositional attributions

A

Attributes the cause of behavior to some internal characteristics of the person rather than to outside causes

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14
Q

Situational attributions

A

Attributes behavior to some situations circumstances or event outside of a persons control

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15
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

When judging other people’s behavior we tend to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations.

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16
Q

Chameleon effect

A

Our tendency to mimic the mannerisms gestures or facial expressions of the people we interact with

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17
Q

Muzafer Sherif (1936)

A

Primarily interested in understanding how membership groups affected the psychology of individuals focus on competition between groups inter group conflict & negative prejudices had by individuals with groups

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18
Q

Stanley Milgram (1963)

A

Social psychologist who is famous for his experiments on obedience to authority known as the Milgram experiments

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19
Q

The obedient participant

A

Participant’s willingness to do what another asks them to do

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20
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Explores how social norms influence behavior

Normal students randomly assigned as prisoners or guards adopted their roles to alarming extents

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21
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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22
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

A reduction in the sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency because you assume other observers will

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23
Q

Bystander intervention

A

Individuals are more likely to help in a crisis if they notice it, feel it is an emergency and feel personality responsible to offer aid the presence of others could deter this process

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24
Q

Group

A

Dividing the world into us and them can lead to conflict racism and war but it also provides benefits or being connected to a group

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25
Q

Social facilitation

A

Improved performance in simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

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26
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for a person to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

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27
Q

Deindividuation

A

People engage in seeming impulsive deviant and sometimes violent acts in situations which they believe they can’t be personally identified

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28
Q

Group polarization

A

The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss then with like-mined others

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29
Q

Groupthink

A

Faulty thinking / defective decision-making that occurs in highly cohesive groups.

• Occurs when the desire to maintain harmony or consensus prevents group members from raising concerns or considering alternative views/approaches to solving a problem.

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30
Q

Social Dilemma

A

Conflict between immediate self interest and longer term collective interests

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31
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

A situation where two parties separated and unable to communicate must choose between cooperating with each other or not

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32
Q

Graduated & Reciprocated Initiative in tension-reduction (GRIT)

A

Bargaining strategy where one side imitating a breakthrough in the form of a concession/compromise on 1 of its demands

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33
Q

Stereotype

A

A fixed oversimplified & often biased belief about a group of people

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34
Q

Prejudice

A

A preconceived judgement/opinion or attitude directed toward certain people based on their membership in a particular group

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35
Q

Discrimination

A

The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people or groups based on characteristics like race, gender age or sexual orientation

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36
Q

Racism

A

A form of prejudice that generally includes negative emotional reactions to members of the group, acceptance of negative stereotypes & racial discrimination again individuals

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37
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a person group & they are concerned about being judged or treated negatively in ghetto basis or the stereotype

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38
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true due to the simple fact that they expect it to be true

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39
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

Our prejudiced dictate who to blame when we are angry & negative emotions exacerbate prejudice

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40
Q

In-groups

A

People with whom we share a common identity

41
Q

Out-groups

A

Those perceived, or apart from our in group

42
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

To judge another culture based on the standards of one’s own culture

43
Q

Outgroup homogeneity

A

The tendency to assume that the members of other groups are similar to each other

44
Q

Jane Elliott study

A

Use eyecolor as a way to show prejudice related to race in real life

45
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

Bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice

46
Q

Subordinate goals

A

A goal that takes precedence over one or more conditional goals

47
Q

Aggression

A

Any type of behavior physical or verbal that is intended to harm or destroy

48
Q

Physical aggression

A

Behavior causing or threatening physical harm towards others

49
Q

Verbal aggression

A

Communication with an intention to harm an individual through worse tone or manner regardless of whether harm occurs

50
Q

Relational Aggression

A

Behavior that manipulates or damages relationship between individuals or groups like bullying gossiping or humiliation

51
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Aggression that intends to cause harm or injury to another person

Example: punch someone because they made you angry

52
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Aggression with the goal of achieving some thing, other than just pain and suffering

Example: bullying a kid to get money

53
Q

Genetic influences

A

Genes influence aggression

At least one genetic marker for aggression is the Y chromosome men tend to be more physically, aggressive than women

Example: one twin has a violent temper, the other twin usually has the same fraternal twins are less likely to respond the same

54
Q

Gender influences

A

men tend to express physical, overt, and direct aggression, women tend to express relational and indirect aggression more often

55
Q

Social learning

A

Learning that takes place there, an observational process

56
Q

Alcohol & aggression

A

Alcohol unleashes aggressive responses to frustration

57
Q

The frustration-aggression principle

A

When the desired goal is unmet a person becomes frustrated, which can lead to aggressive behaviors

58
Q

Situational factors

A

Attributing someone’s behavior to their environment or circumstances

59
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard for consequences for oneself

60
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive constructive helpful behavior

61
Q

Social exchange theory

A

The theory that social behavior is an exchange process with a purpose of maximizing benefits and minimizing cost

We weigh the cost against benefits

62
Q

Reciprocity

A

Our expectation that people will help us if we help them

63
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

an expectation that we should try to help others who need assistance, even if the costs outweigh the benefits.

• Putting others above your own self-interests
• Helping children and the elderly, donating to charity, volunteering, comforting a crying person, etc.

64
Q

Helpers hand

A

Positive emotions, following selfless service to others

65
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

Positive feelings about another person

Example: love friendship lust

66
Q

Proximity

A

Physical or geographical nearness

67
Q

Familiarity “ mere exposure effect,”

A

The tendency to like, or prefer something that is familiar

68
Q

Physical attractiveness

A

People tend to like those whom they find physically attractive

Tend to be attracted to people on the same level as them

69
Q

Halo effect

A

Occurs when positive impressions of a person in one area, leads to positive impressions, or opinions of them in other areas

70
Q

Evolutionarily psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior in the mindset, using principles of natural selection

71
Q

Similarity

A

In real life opposites usually retract

72
Q

Reciprocity of liking

A

The tendency to like people who like you

73
Q

Intimacy

A

A deep understanding, and acceptance of another person usually resulting from shared experiences or thoughts

74
Q

Passion

A

An arouse state, during which we are intensely attracted to one another

75
Q

Commitment

A

The mental or physical act directing increased resources to an activity or interpersonal relationship

obligation or devotion to a person, relationship, task, cause, or other entity or action

76
Q

Attachment

A

And emotional tie with another person

77
Q

Social cognition

A

The mental processes associated with the ways in which people, perceive and react to other individuals and groups

78
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Our tendency to attribute positive outcomes or successes to our character or actions, and attribute negative outcomes or failures to external circumstances

Opposite of fundamental attribution error

79
Q

False, consensus effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors

80
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

The tendency to believe that the world is just fair in that people get what they deserve

Can lead to victim blaming

81
Q

Attitude

A

Attitudes influence, our reactions to objects people and events

Attitude follow behavior. What do you actually do impacts what you believe

82
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Suggest that effort to persuade someone generally takes two forms, the central route or peripheral route

Throughout taking depends on how much time we are willing to spend analyzing the issue

83
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Is logic driven and uses data and fax to convince people of an argument worthiness

Tends to cause long lasting attitude changed since it require someone to process an argument in depth

84
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Occurs when someone evaluates an argument, based on surface level cues rather than the actual content of the message

Typically results in less permanent attitude change once emotion earlier has worn off it doesn’t seem to matter as much

85
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The discomfort (dissonance) felt when we realize we have inconsistent or contradictory beliefs, attitudes, or actions

To reduce discomfort, we change either our actions or our beliefs, so the two align

But usually find a way to rationalize inconsistency to make ourselves a better about it

86
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first completed a small request to later comply with a large request

87
Q

Door in the face phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to comply with a smaller request after deny a larger request

88
Q

Social inhibition

A

Diminished performance on difficult or poorly learned task in the presence of others

The presence of others increases psychological arousal (our bodies become more energized)

Makes it easy to perform a dominant response (something we’re good) at harder to do something complex or learn something new.

89
Q

Group cohesiveness

A

Arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole

90
Q

Individualism

A

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals in defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes, rather than group identification

Example: North America western Europe, Australia/New Zealand

91
Q

Collectivism

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups, often once extended family or work group and defining one’s identity accordingly

Ex: Asia, Africa, central and south America

92
Q

Implicit prejudice

A

Unconscious negative attitudes toward a particular group

The person doesn’t realize they have his prejudice

93
Q

Explicit prejudice

A

Negative attitude against a specific group that is consciously held, even if it’s not express publicly

The person is aware of their beliefs

94
Q

In group bias

A

The tendency for humans to be more helpful and positive toward members of their own group over members of an outgroup

95
Q

Neural influences

A

Human brains have neural systems that can increase aggression

Ex: electrically, stimulating the amygdala causes aggressive words and behavior

96
Q

Biochemical influences

A

The hormone testosterone influence his neural systems that control aggression

Ex: castrated bulls become less aggressive

97
Q

Aversive events

A

Those made miserable often make others miserable

• Frustration-aggression principle: frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression.

Aversive stimuli such as hot temperatures, physical pain, foul odors, and crowds can make people more hostile.

98
Q

Reinforcement and modeling

A

In situations where experience has taught us that aggression pays, we are likely to act aggressive again

Modeling affects children’s displays of aggression. They repeat what they see others doing.

99
Q

Social trap

A

A situation in which a group of people act to obtain short term individual gains which of the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole

Ex: commercial fisherman catch large amount of fish to make a profit, but as a result, many fish species are engaged in our food resources in the ocean or threatened

Psychology (6 decks)

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