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Unit 14 Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by:
• the presence of others
• the internalized social norms of our culture

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2
Q

Social influence

A

Conforming to fit in with the group because you don’t want to appear foolish or be left out
To avoid rejection gain social approval or seem normal

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3
Q

Conformity

A

A change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from another person or group of people

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4
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Experiment that demonstrated the extent to which social pressure group could could cause a person to conform

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5
Q

Informational influence

A

Where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right and look to others who they believe may have more info

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6
Q

Normative influence “social norm”

A

Conforming to fit in with the group because you don’t want to appear foolish or be left out to gain social approval to appear normal

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7
Q

Obedience

A

Following orders typically given by an authority figure

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8
Q

Passionate Love

A

Intense absorption with one another usually at the beginning of a romantic relationship

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9
Q

Companionate Love

A

Deep love & commitment such as that between long-married couples for whom passionate love might no longer be active

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10
Q

Consummate Love

A

Love that consist of all three components considered to be the “ultimate” form of love but research shows it’s harder to maintain than to achieve passion wanes over time

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11
Q

Culture

A

The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values & traditions shared by a group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next

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12
Q

Attribution theory

A

Concerned with how ordinary people explain the causes of behavior & events

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13
Q

Dispositional attributions

A

Attributes the cause of behavior to some internal characteristics of the person rather than to outside causes

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14
Q

Situational attributions

A

Attributes behavior to some situations circumstances or event outside of a persons control

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15
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

When judging other people’s behavior we tend to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations.

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16
Q

Chameleon effect

A

Our tendency to mimic the mannerisms gestures or facial expressions of the people we interact with

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17
Q

Muzafer Sherif (1936)

A

Primarily interested in understanding how membership groups affected the psychology of individuals focus on competition between groups inter group conflict & negative prejudices had by individuals with groups

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18
Q

Stanley Milgram (1963)

A

Social psychologist who is famous for his experiments on obedience to authority known as the Milgram experiments

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19
Q

The obedient participant

A

Participant’s willingness to do what another asks them to do

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20
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Explores how social norms influence behavior

Normal students randomly assigned as prisoners or guards adopted their roles to alarming extents

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21
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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22
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

A reduction in the sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency because you assume other observers will

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23
Q

Bystander intervention

A

Individuals are more likely to help in a crisis if they notice it, feel it is an emergency and feel personality responsible to offer aid the presence of others could deter this process

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24
Q

Group

A

Dividing the world into us and them can lead to conflict racism and war but it also provides benefits or being connected to a group

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25
Social facilitation
Improved performance in simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
26
Social loafing
The tendency for a person to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone
27
Deindividuation
People engage in seeming impulsive deviant and sometimes violent acts in situations which they believe they can’t be personally identified
28
Group polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss then with like-mined others
29
Groupthink
Faulty thinking / defective decision-making that occurs in highly cohesive groups. • Occurs when the desire to maintain harmony or consensus prevents group members from raising concerns or considering alternative views/approaches to solving a problem.
30
Social Dilemma
Conflict between immediate self interest and longer term collective interests
31
Prisoner’s Dilemma
A situation where two parties separated and unable to communicate must choose between cooperating with each other or not
32
Graduated & Reciprocated Initiative in tension-reduction (GRIT)
Bargaining strategy where one side imitating a breakthrough in the form of a concession/compromise on 1 of its demands
33
Stereotype
A fixed oversimplified & often biased belief about a group of people
34
Prejudice
A preconceived judgement/opinion or attitude directed toward certain people based on their membership in a particular group
35
Discrimination
The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people or groups based on characteristics like race, gender age or sexual orientation
36
Racism
A form of prejudice that generally includes negative emotional reactions to members of the group, acceptance of negative stereotypes & racial discrimination again individuals
37
Stereotype threat
The situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a person group & they are concerned about being judged or treated negatively in ghetto basis or the stereotype
38
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true due to the simple fact that they expect it to be true
39
Scapegoat theory
Our prejudiced dictate who to blame when we are angry & negative emotions exacerbate prejudice
40
In-groups
People with whom we share a common identity
41
Out-groups
Those perceived, or apart from our in group
42
Ethnocentrism
To judge another culture based on the standards of one’s own culture
43
Outgroup homogeneity
The tendency to assume that the members of other groups are similar to each other
44
Jane Elliott study
Use eyecolor as a way to show prejudice related to race in real life
45
Contact hypothesis
Bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice
46
Subordinate goals
A goal that takes precedence over one or more conditional goals
47
Aggression
Any type of behavior physical or verbal that is intended to harm or destroy
48
Physical aggression
Behavior causing or threatening physical harm towards others
49
Verbal aggression
Communication with an intention to harm an individual through worse tone or manner regardless of whether harm occurs
50
Relational Aggression
Behavior that manipulates or damages relationship between individuals or groups like bullying gossiping or humiliation
51
Hostile aggression
Aggression that intends to cause harm or injury to another person Example: punch someone because they made you angry
52
Instrumental aggression
Aggression with the goal of achieving some thing, other than just pain and suffering Example: bullying a kid to get money
53
Genetic influences
Genes influence aggression At least one genetic marker for aggression is the Y chromosome men tend to be more physically, aggressive than women Example: one twin has a violent temper, the other twin usually has the same fraternal twins are less likely to respond the same
54
Gender influences
men tend to express physical, overt, and direct aggression, women tend to express relational and indirect aggression more often
55
Social learning
Learning that takes place there, an observational process
56
Alcohol & aggression
Alcohol unleashes aggressive responses to frustration
57
The frustration-aggression principle
When the desired goal is unmet a person becomes frustrated, which can lead to aggressive behaviors
58
Situational factors
Attributing someone’s behavior to their environment or circumstances
59
Altruism
Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard for consequences for oneself
60
Prosocial behavior
Positive constructive helpful behavior
61
Social exchange theory
The theory that social behavior is an exchange process with a purpose of maximizing benefits and minimizing cost We weigh the cost against benefits
62
Reciprocity
Our expectation that people will help us if we help them
63
Social responsibility norm
an expectation that we should try to help others who need assistance, even if the costs outweigh the benefits. • Putting others above your own self-interests • Helping children and the elderly, donating to charity, volunteering, comforting a crying person, etc.
64
Helpers hand
Positive emotions, following selfless service to others
65
Interpersonal attraction
Positive feelings about another person Example: love friendship lust
66
Proximity
Physical or geographical nearness
67
Familiarity “ mere exposure effect,”
The tendency to like, or prefer something that is familiar
68
Physical attractiveness
People tend to like those whom they find physically attractive Tend to be attracted to people on the same level as them
69
Halo effect
Occurs when positive impressions of a person in one area, leads to positive impressions, or opinions of them in other areas
70
Evolutionarily psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior in the mindset, using principles of natural selection
71
Similarity
In real life opposites usually retract
72
Reciprocity of liking
The tendency to like people who like you
73
Intimacy
A deep understanding, and acceptance of another person usually resulting from shared experiences or thoughts
74
Passion
An arouse state, during which we are intensely attracted to one another
75
Commitment
The mental or physical act directing increased resources to an activity or interpersonal relationship obligation or devotion to a person, relationship, task, cause, or other entity or action
76
Attachment
And emotional tie with another person
77
Social cognition
The mental processes associated with the ways in which people, perceive and react to other individuals and groups
78
Self-serving bias
Our tendency to attribute positive outcomes or successes to our character or actions, and attribute negative outcomes or failures to external circumstances Opposite of fundamental attribution error
79
False, consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors
80
Just world hypothesis
The tendency to believe that the world is just fair in that people get what they deserve Can lead to victim blaming
81
Attitude
Attitudes influence, our reactions to objects people and events Attitude follow behavior. What do you actually do impacts what you believe
82
Elaboration likelihood model
Suggest that effort to persuade someone generally takes two forms, the central route or peripheral route Throughout taking depends on how much time we are willing to spend analyzing the issue
83
Central route persuasion
Is logic driven and uses data and fax to convince people of an argument worthiness Tends to cause long lasting attitude changed since it require someone to process an argument in depth
84
Peripheral route persuasion
Occurs when someone evaluates an argument, based on surface level cues rather than the actual content of the message Typically results in less permanent attitude change once emotion earlier has worn off it doesn’t seem to matter as much
85
Cognitive dissonance
The discomfort (dissonance) felt when we realize we have inconsistent or contradictory beliefs, attitudes, or actions To reduce discomfort, we change either our actions or our beliefs, so the two align But usually find a way to rationalize inconsistency to make ourselves a better about it
86
Foot in the door phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first completed a small request to later comply with a large request
87
Door in the face phenomenon
The tendency for people to comply with a smaller request after deny a larger request
88
Social inhibition
Diminished performance on difficult or poorly learned task in the presence of others The presence of others increases psychological arousal (our bodies become more energized) Makes it easy to perform a dominant response (something we’re good) at harder to do something complex or learn something new.
89
Group cohesiveness
Arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole
90
Individualism
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals in defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes, rather than group identification Example: North America western Europe, Australia/New Zealand
91
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups, often once extended family or work group and defining one’s identity accordingly Ex: Asia, Africa, central and south America
92
Implicit prejudice
Unconscious negative attitudes toward a particular group The person doesn’t realize they have his prejudice
93
Explicit prejudice
Negative attitude against a specific group that is consciously held, even if it’s not express publicly The person is aware of their beliefs
94
In group bias
The tendency for humans to be more helpful and positive toward members of their own group over members of an outgroup
95
Neural influences
Human brains have neural systems that can increase aggression Ex: electrically, stimulating the amygdala causes aggressive words and behavior
96
Biochemical influences
The hormone testosterone influence his neural systems that control aggression Ex: castrated bulls become less aggressive
97
Aversive events
Those made miserable often make others miserable • Frustration-aggression principle: frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression. Aversive stimuli such as hot temperatures, physical pain, foul odors, and crowds can make people more hostile.
98
Reinforcement and modeling
In situations where experience has taught us that aggression pays, we are likely to act aggressive again Modeling affects children’s displays of aggression. They repeat what they see others doing.
99
Social trap
A situation in which a group of people act to obtain short term individual gains which of the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole Ex: commercial fisherman catch large amount of fish to make a profit, but as a result, many fish species are engaged in our food resources in the ocean or threatened

Psychology (6 decks)

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