Unit 1/2 Flashcards
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior
Physiology
The branch of biology that studies, the way, living organism’s body functions
Empiricism
The idea that knowledge come from experiences and that experimentation allows us to gain a scientific knowledge
Wilhelm Wundt
Known as the father of psychology, he started the first psychology lab in Leipzig Germany
Margaret Floy Washburn
She was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins
She was the first woman to complete all the requirements for her PhD in psychology, but she was denied the degree because she was a woman
Dorothea Dix
She lobbied Congress to create the first generation of mental asylums in the United States
Sigmund Freud
He was the founder of psychoanalysis and believe the unconscious mind was responsible for behavior, believed in taking therapy
G Stanley Hall
He helped found American psychology association started the first psychology laboratory in the US
William James
He was the founder of functionalism
John B Watson
He was one of the founders of the behaviorist movement and is known for the infamous little Albert experiment
Charles Darwin
Introduce the theory of evolution by natural selection
Structuralism
The whole can be understood by examining its parts, breaks down the human mind to its most basic components
Functionalism
Examines the function of the human mind what purpose does it serve
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
Focus on the cause, development, and treatment of abnormal behavior emphasize unconscious mind
Behavioral perspective
a theory suggesting that environment shapes human behavior
How we learn observable responses
Cognitive perspective
Studies how thinking and perception influence behavior
How we encode process store and retrieve information
Humanistic
Peoples potential and drive to be the best
Sociocultural
Impact people, culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, income level, and overall environment on a persons thinking and behavior
Biological
How genetics, the nervous system, hormones, and the brain structures influence a persons thinking and behavior
Evolutionary
Charles Darwin
emphasizes how evolution influences thinking, and behavior
Biopsychosocial
Emphasizes that biological psychological and social forces all influence behavior
School psychologist
A psychologist who works in schools and test students for learning and emotional struggles. They help create individualized education plans for students with learning and emotional struggles.
Psychiatrist
Mental doctor, who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. They typically prescribe medication to treat mental illness.
Positive psychology
The field studies, human flourishing with the goal of discovering and prompting a person, strengths, focuses on both individual and society well-being
industrial- organizational psychology
This field applies psychological training to the workplace. Helps companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems.
Counseling psychologist
A type of psychologist who assists people with personal problems, often related to school, work, relationships, etc.
Can treat people with mental disorders, but this is not their specialty.
cognitive Neuroscience
This field studies the biological processes (brain structures/neural networks) involved in cognition (thinking, perceiving, memory, etc.).
Developmental psychology
This field studies how people change and develop over their lifespan.
Personality psychology
This field studies people’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Clinical psychology
A type of psychologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Provides counseling/therapy, and does not prescribe medication.
Social psychology
This field studies how we think about, influence, and relate to other people.
experimental Psychology
This field uses experiments to study human thought and behavior.
applied research
This is a type of research that is conducted in order to solve a particular problem, not just to learn something new.
human factors psychology
This field studies the interplay between humans and technology/machines.
Psychometrics
This field focuses on the construction of assessment tools, measurement instruments, and formal models that can be used in research studies or clinical settings.
health psychology
This field examines how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness.
Inferential statistics
Generalizing data of a larger population off of a small certainty
Statistical Significance
How likely a statistic occurred by chance
P- Value
determines if a study rejects nUll
hypothes’s
Null Hypothesis
when there is no relationship between Statistical observation
Meta-analysis technique
Analysis of multiple studies to find a solution to a problem
Ethics/general principle
Ethics concern, the morals of an experiment
Institutional review board
National board of review to accept experiments
Informed consent
Participants willingly aware of their participation
Discontinuing participation
Participants are allowed to drop out of the study at any time without a penalty
Confidentiality
Idea that date is concealed
Deception
Misleading/concealing info, to guide people in a certain way
Debriefing
The process of giving participants in a completed research project information about what they participated in
Animal testing
Use of products, processes on animals
Statistics
Numeric value that determines quantity/frequency of event
Descriptive statistics
Stats that describe a population
Frequency distribution table
Shows how often an event occurs
Histogram
Uses dates in quantities
Mean “average”
Add all numbers and divide by how many numbers there are
Median “middle”
Number in the middle of data
Mode
Number that occurs most often
Range
Highest number, subtracted by lowest number
Standard deviation
Measures the deviation for the mean
Z scores
measures how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean in a distribution
Skewed data
An outlier is just proportionately affecting the mean, if you have the score stretch out away from the group like a tale, the skew is named for the direction of the tail
Normal distribution
Data is distributed equally
Negative Skew “Skewed Left” more data
More data is on the right
Positive Skew “Skewed Right”
more data is on the left
Martin seligman
Founded positive psychology
Albert Ellis
Creator of rational, emotional behavior therapy
Jean Piaget
Develop theory that children’s cognitive abilities process through four stages
Tichenor
Used introspection to search for the minds structural elements
Albert Bandura
Bubba experiment children learn by observation
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety belong, belonging this, esteem, self actualization
Rogers
Humanistic, personality, and behavior
BF Skinner
Skinnerbox rat conditioning reward operate
Behavior
How someone acts response to things that are happening?
Mental processes
Internal subjective experience as we observe from behavior
Ex: sensations perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Perspectives
Approaching/interpretations of psychology that health professionals understand the individual
Evolutionary perspective
How natural selection of treats, his promoted the survival genes
Psychodynamic perspective
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
