Unit 6 Flashcards
Neutral Stimulus NS
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that unconditionally-naturally & automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
An unlearned natural occurring response to unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Condition Response (CR)
An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
Acquisition
The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that NS begins triggering the CR. The strengthening of a reinforced response
Example: if you are trying to train a rat to press a lever in response to you ringing a bell (i.e., trying to condition the rat to press the lever when and only when you ring the bell), then once the rat presses the lever in only response to the bell, you can say the response is “acquired”.
John B. Watson
founded classical behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning
Pavlov dog experiment
Classical conditioning
The type or reward which a response
naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes to be elicited by a different formally neutral
Stimulus
working Def: something happens to you and it causes a natural (almost automatic) response
- You learn a warning sign to tell you that thing is about to happen
Schedules of reinforcement
A pattern that specifies how often a behavior will be reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
Partial intermittent reinforcement
Sometimes reinforcing a behavior when it occurs
Fixed
the # of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements which is set & unchanging
Variable
Things that can be changed or altered such as a characteristic or value
Ratio
The number of responses that are required in order to receive reinforcement
Interval
Set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward
Fixed-ratio schedule
Reinforced behavior after a specific number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses
Examples: Gambling and lottery games
Fixed- interval schedules
A response is reinforced after a specific amount of time
Examples: someone who gets paid every two weeks at their job
Variable interval schedules
A response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Ex: when someone waits for an elevator
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy
Albert Bandura & the bobo doll
Albert Bandura is the pioneering reacher of observational learning,
Preschool children would watch an adult yell & abuse the bobo doll. Then they would copy the adults behavior
Cognition in conditioning
A process in which a stimulus is repeatedly paired with an imagined or anticipated response or behavior
Example: when Julian got good grades in school, his parents took him out for pizza. After that, he wanted to get good grades even more. He studied harder and did all his work, all so he could get pizza again.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it