Unit 6 Flashcards
Neutral Stimulus NS
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that unconditionally-naturally & automatically triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
An unlearned natural occurring response to unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Condition Response (CR)
An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
Acquisition
The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that NS begins triggering the CR. The strengthening of a reinforced response
Example: if you are trying to train a rat to press a lever in response to you ringing a bell (i.e., trying to condition the rat to press the lever when and only when you ring the bell), then once the rat presses the lever in only response to the bell, you can say the response is “acquired”.
John B. Watson
founded classical behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning
Pavlov dog experiment
Classical conditioning
The type or reward which a response
naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes to be elicited by a different formally neutral
Stimulus
working Def: something happens to you and it causes a natural (almost automatic) response
- You learn a warning sign to tell you that thing is about to happen
Schedules of reinforcement
A pattern that specifies how often a behavior will be reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
Partial intermittent reinforcement
Sometimes reinforcing a behavior when it occurs
Fixed
the # of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements which is set & unchanging
Variable
Things that can be changed or altered such as a characteristic or value
Ratio
The number of responses that are required in order to receive reinforcement
Interval
Set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward
Fixed-ratio schedule
Reinforced behavior after a specific number of responses
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses
Examples: Gambling and lottery games
Fixed- interval schedules
A response is reinforced after a specific amount of time
Examples: someone who gets paid every two weeks at their job
Variable interval schedules
A response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Ex: when someone waits for an elevator
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy
Albert Bandura & the bobo doll
Albert Bandura is the pioneering reacher of observational learning,
Preschool children would watch an adult yell & abuse the bobo doll. Then they would copy the adults behavior
Cognition in conditioning
A process in which a stimulus is repeatedly paired with an imagined or anticipated response or behavior
Example: when Julian got good grades in school, his parents took him out for pizza. After that, he wanted to get good grades even more. He studied harder and did all his work, all so he could get pizza again.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Insight learning
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution
Example: a banana was placed high out of reach that the chimpanzees found a way to reach it. They stack boxes on top of each other to reach it and used sticks to knock the banana down.
The premack principle
If a person wants to preform a given activity the person will perform a less desirable activity to get a more desirable activity
Example: eating vegetables in order to get desert
Primary reinforcement
Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs
Ex: food, water, sleep and shelter
Secondary reinforces (conditioned reinforcement)
Stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
Ex: verbal praise, highly preferred activities, stickers, toys, and edibles. An example of pairing is saying to a toddler, “You did it!” and then the toddler gets a chance to play with a toy
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a condition stimulus
Example: when you ring the bell without introducing meat, eventually the bell will no longer cause a dogs, mouth to water
Spontaneous recovery
The appearance of a weakened conditioned response after a rest period
Example: when you stop ringing a bell, before introducing meat, eventually the dogs mouth will stop watering respond to the bell. However, ringing the bell, several hours later, might cause the dogs mouth to start watering again.
Jonas dog jumped on visitors every time they came to his house. In order to change his behavior, every time the dog jumped on visitors, he sprayed the dog with water causing him to flinch. Now whenever the dog sees the water bottle, he flinches
Neutral stimulus: Water bottle
Unconditioned stimulus: being sprayed
Unconditioned response: flinching
Condition stimulus: water bottle
Condition response: flinching
Shaping
Establishing behavior by reinforcing closer, and closer responses, until the desired behavior is reached
Ex: when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking.
Chaining
A complex, behavior sequence is learned it breaks a task into small steps, and then each step with in the sequence by itself
Ex: For example, a child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on the faucet. Once this initial skill is learned, the next step may be getting his/her hands, etc.
Reinforcing stimulus (reinforcement)
Any event that strengthens the behavior follows
Ex: presenting praise (a reinforcer) immediately after a child puts away their toys (the response).
Negative reinforcement
When a behavior occurs in order to avoid a negative outcome, the point is still to strengthen and encourage the behavior
Ex: taking painkillers to reduce pain
Ex: cleaning your room, so your parents don’t nag you
Positive reinforcement
When a behavior is followed by a reward this increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue. The point of positive reinforcement is the encourage a behavior to continue.
Example: A parent allowing their child to borrow the family car when they get good grades
Reinforcement encourages
behavior
Punishment
Following undesired behavior with a consequence in order to decrease the frequency of the behavior
Positive punishment
Presenting something undesirable after unwanted behavior
Getting something
Example: spray water on a barking dog
Example: getting a traffic ticket for speeding
Negative punishment
Removing something desirable after unwanted behavior
Example: taking away cell phone or driving privileges after failing a class
Punishment drawbacks
Punishment behavior is depressed not forgotten this temporary state mean reinforce parents permission behavior
Ex: the child swears the parents swats the parent has no more swearing in feels the punishment successfully stop the behavior
Punishment teaches
Punishment, teachers discrimination among situation
Ex: did the punishment effectively in the transferring to the child, simple, or not to swear in front of their parents
Punishment, teachers fear
Which army associate fear not only with the undesirable behavior, but also with the person who do over the punishment
Reinforcement tells you
what to do
Punishment tells you
what not to do
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, driven by internal rewards
Example: living an instrument because it makes you happy
Excessive positive reinforcement (rewards) can destroy intrinsic motivation
example: rewarding children with toys or candy for reading diminishes the time they spend reading
Prefrontal cortex
Involved in assessing the level of threat posed by stimulus
Ex: spanked children have more activation in this area in response to fearful faces
Biological limits of classical conditioning
An animals capacity for conditioning is limit by biological constraints
Preparedness
An animals biological predisposition to learn associations that enhances survival
Example: rats seem to develop aversions to taste and smell, but not to color or sight
Preparedness 2
Animals are more receptive to conditioning when it affects the senses that are most crucial to survival
Example: birds are more likely to develop an inversion to the site of tinted foods, and say hunt by sight
Cognitive process
Behavior list like Pavlov and skinner underestimated the importance of cognitive process (thoughts perceptions expectations)
Researcher show that cognition, plays an important role in learning
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Example: some people choose careers based on the amount of money they will make rather than the satisfaction the job provides
Observational/social learning
Learning by observing others
Example: a child who sees his sister burn her finger on a hot stove learns not to touch it
Modeling
The process of observing, and imitating a specific behavior
Research shows that children model behavior they observed adults, especially adults of the same sex
Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment
We learn from observing other persons, rewards and punishments
We are especially likely to learn from people we perceive a successful admirable, or similar to ourselves
Generalization
The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Example: in Pavlov’s experiment, a dog condition to the sound of one tone, also responded somewhat to the sound of a new and different tone
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between a condition stimulus, and similar stimuli that are not associated with unconditioned stimulus
Ex: Pavlov’s dogs, eventually learn to respond to the sound of a particular tone, and not to the other tones
Higher order conditioning
when a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus
creating a second often weaker stimulus
Ex: if a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone can also begin to trigger salvation
Classical conditioning behavior is
involuntary
Operant conditioning: behavior is
voluntary
