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Environmental Science > Unit 6 test (module 34 - 35) > Flashcards

Unit 6 test (module 34 - 35) Flashcards

1
Q

A fuel derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago.

A

Fossil fuel

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2
Q

An energy source with a finite supply, primarily the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.

A

Nonrenewable energy resource

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3
Q

Fuel derived from radioactive materials that give off energy.

A

Nuclear fuel

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4
Q

What are the major sources of energy for the world?

A

oil, coal, peat, and natural gas

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5
Q

An energy source that is bought and sold.

A

commercial energy source

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6
Q

An energy source gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs.

A

Subsistence energy source

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7
Q

What energy source once dominated our energy supply?

A

wood and coal

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8
Q

what energy source has increased now?

A

natural gas

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9
Q

how would you determine energy by calculating the energy return on energy investment (EROEI)?

A

EROIE = Energy obtained from fuel ÷ Energy invested to obtain fuel

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10
Q

The ______ the value of EROIE, the more efficient the fuel.

A

larger

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11
Q

what did civilians use for their vehicles during WWII in Europe and Japan, due to severe shortages.

A

coal or wood

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12
Q

At what point of the process in energy extraction and use is energy lost?

A

At each stage of the process

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13
Q

what is 30% of the energy in the U.S. used for?

A

transportation

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14
Q

what is transportation primarily achieved through?

A

through the use of vehicles fueled by petroleum, such as gasoline and diesel

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15
Q

What can electricity be generated from?

A

fossil fuels, wind, water, etc

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16
Q

Something that can move and deliver energy in a convenient, usable form to end users.

A

Secondary energy source & Energy carrier

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17
Q

A device with blades that can be turned by water, wind, steam, or exhaust gas from combustion that turns a generator in an electricity-producing plant.

A

Turbine

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18
Q

A network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.

A

Electrical grid

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19
Q

how does a coal-fired electricity generation plant work?

A

Energy from coal combustion converts water into steam , which turns a turbine. The turbine turns a generator, which produces electricity.

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20
Q

A power plant that uses both exhaust gases and steam turbines to generate electricity.

A

combined cycle

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21
Q

In reference to an electricity-generating plant, the maximum electrical output.

A

capacity

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22
Q

The fraction of time a power plant operates in a year.

A

capacity factor

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23
Q

The use of a fuel to generate electricity and produce heat. Also known as Combined heat and power.

A

cogeneration

24
Q

what improves the efficiency to as high as 90%?

A

cogeneration

25
A solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago.
coal
26
where are the largest coal reserves?
U.S, Russia, China, India
27
what are the 4 types of coal?
1 lignite 2 sub-bituminous 3 bituminous 4 anthracite
28
what is peat?
Raw material from which coal is formed.
29
what are some advantages to coal?
- Energy- dense - plentiful - Easy to exploit by surface mining - Needs little refining - inexpensive - Easy to handle and transport
30
what are some disadvantages of coal?
- Contains impurities - Releases impurities into air when burned - Trace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal - Combustion leads to increased levels of air pollutants - ash is left behind, leads to possible runoff - carbon is released into the atmosphere
31
A fossil fuel that occurs in underground deposits, composed of a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur.
Petroleum
32
liquid petroleum removed from the ground.
Crude oil
33
where does petroleum migrate to?
the highest point in a formation process of porous rock
34
how is accumulations of petroleum removed?
by drilling a well
35
What are some advantages to petroleum?
- convenient to transport and use - Relatively energy- dense - cleaner-burning than coal - Oil is used in many other applications
36
what are some disadvantages to petroleum?
- Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere - Possibility of leaks when extracted and transported - Runoff enters marine waterways - Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned
37
Where do proponent of exploration suggest has 25 million gallons to 378 billion gallons of oil and substantial quantities of natural gas.
ANWR
38
Where do Debates continue over the trade-off between extracting oil domestically and the consequences for habitat and species living near oil wells or pipelines?
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
39
What exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum?
Natural gas
40
what contains 80 to 95 percent and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane?
Natural gas
41
what are the 2 largest uses of natural gas in the U.S?
electricity generation and industrial processes
42
what is used to also manufacture nitrogen fertilizers and in residences for heating homes and cooking.
Natural gas
43
Advantages of Natural Gas
- Contains fewer impurities, emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates - Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal
44
Disadvantages to Natural Gas
- Methane that escapes into the atmosphere is a potent greenhouse gas - Exploration for natural gas can contaminate groundwater
45
Slow-flowing, vicious deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.
oil sands
46
A degraded petroleum that forms when petroleum migrates to the surface of Earth and is modified by bacteria.
Bitumen
47
The process of converting solid coal into liquid fuel.
CTL(coal to liquid)
48
The energy use per unit of gross domestic product.
Energy intensity
49
In how many years will conventional oil potentially run out in if global use continues without significant additional discovery?
50 years
50
how long will coal supplies last?
200 years, potentially longer
51
Where is the largest seller of liquefied gas(LNG)?
Qatar
52
Where does most Qatar's of LNG come from?
2 major gas and oil fields
53
ethane
C₂H₆
54
propane
C3H8
55
butane
C4H10

Environmental Science (9 decks)

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