Unit 6 Mini Case Studies Flashcards
i cant be doing all this
UK Rural and urban areas
The least rural districts are on the edges of the country especially in the North and West whereas the most urban areas are mainly down the middle especially in the mid and southern parts. The most rural districts are concentrated around London and the least rural districts are concentrated in Wales
Changes in UK agriculture
In the UK 73% of the land area is used for farming but only 2% of people are employed in agriculture. 6.1% in 1950. In rural areas employment in agriculture is only 15% of total workforce
Rural services example
Residents of Bridestowe has the least amenities while Wrotham has the greatest loss of services since 2004 and was the most excluded community in south east UK
Devon key village example
Introduced a policy in 1964 to stop the impact of rural depopulation, changing function of the village in relation to urban centres, decline in agricultural employment and concentration of public transport. To select:
Existing services
Existing employment other than agriculture in or near villages
Accessibility by road
Location in relation to rail and bus services
Location in relation to other villages that would rely on them
Availability of public utilities capable of extension
Availability and agricultural value of land capable of development
Proximity to urban centers
68 initially, 65 in 1970
Rural policy change examples
Canada’s Community Futures Programme promotes bottom up economic development in rural areas while since 1990 Finland had a multi year Rural Policy Programme. This has broad policies which integrate the specific needs of rural areas into the decisions of the central government while a narrow set of policies targets specific areas. Mexican government has a micro region strategy which is a holistic approach to rural development by coordinating policies directed at 263 rural micro regions. Each region has a community centre which through a process that involves all locals focuses local priority actions
Also in the UK, Germany, Netherlands and LEADER project across Europe
Mongolia characteristics
Traditional family structures with strong emphasis on extended family
Importance of local customs and hospitality
Populations at very low densities
Reliance on agriculture
Difficult environment in summer and winter
Traditional housing including changes of location as herds are moved
Inaccessibility with most parts lacking paved roads
Low incomes and limited possessions
Limited service provision in lower health and education standards in provinces
Low contact with other countries
Mongolia overview
1/3 are nomadic herders on sparsely populated grasslands. Most live very isolated. This affects non-globalised status. Droughts an unusually cold and snowy winters recently have devastated livestock, destroying the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands. Mant moved to the capital where they live in impoverished conditions on the periphery. This is the urbanisation of poverty. In 2006 there were 170700 herding households, 40% of which live below the poverty line/ Since 1996 the poverty of herding households hasn’t fallen. Over 60% of rural herding households are in the lowest of 4 income categories
Mongolia government programmes
Livestock insurance to protect them from losses incurred in extreme winters
Expansion of cell phones coverage throughout the countryside
Expansion of rural education
Mongolia income groups
60.7% poor
33.7% low-middle
5.4% middle
0% upper-middle
Location and historical development of the Isle of Purbeck
Forms the SE part of Purbeck District in Dorset. It is about 200 km 2 bounded by the sea SE and the River Frome and Poole Harbour to the N
It is a remote rural distrcit. The rural settlement is concentrated in clustered village with Corfe Castle as the largest. Relatively few hamlets. Lower older urban services are provided by Swanage and Wareham with higher older services found in the Bournemouth Poole conurbation. The growth of this with a population of 0.5m has an increasing influence on the Isle with it developing a dormitory function. Commuter traffic at peak periods is a problem in peninsulas
Population change in the Isle of Purbeck
Has risen over the last 40 years but the rate of growth varied by parish. The population is older than that of the UK because of popularity for retirement. Out-migration of young adults for economic opportunity and lower cost accomodation is also a factor. In 2011 birth rate was 10.1/1000 and the death rate 11.9/1000 leaving a decrease in natural population. In settlements such as Corfe Castle and Studland, the natural decrease was higher
Rural housing problem in the Isle of Prubeck
House prices have risen above national average due to competition from:
- out of area commuters
- retirees
- second home owners
- in migrants
This has pushed house prices beyond the reach of most locals. The problem is compounded by limited local employment opportunities and low wages. The right to buy local authority housing has reduced potential stock of moderately prices rented properties. Has led to the fragmentation of some local communities
Rural service decline survey findings in the Isle of Purbeck
Dorset Country Council sees service access as a big issue. The survey in 2002 found a decline in rural services in the Isle of Purbeck and Dorset. There was a dramatic decline in the number of shops selling general produce whether incorporated in a post office, garage or general store
3 out of 4 villages had no general store
38 rural post offices closed since 1991
8 villages lost only pub in previous decade
35 rural petrol stations closed since 1991
4 villages with a population over 500 had no general store
Positive rural service decline findings in the Isle of Purbeck
6 village doctors surgeries opened since 1991 and there were no rural school closures in the previous decade. Village church or chapel was the most available in rural Dorset
Public and private service decline in the Isle of Purbeck
Privately owned services are lost more quickly that public services because the public decision to remain open is also considered socially and politically. Service decline makes people more reliant on public and private transport for access to basic services
In 2004, Corfe Castle had the best level of service provision due to tourist function and location in the A351 between Swanage and Wareham. Langton Matravers has the same population but is very close to Swanage and suffers from the shadow effect
Factors for rural service decline in the Isle of Purbeck
Increased competition from urban supermarkets that can undercut the prices and provide a greater range of produce than small rural retail outlets
Increasing personal mobility of most of the rural population as the proportion who have access to private vehicle has risen allowing them to shop weekly and ulk buy
It is the policy of Dorset District council not to permit the change of use of public houses unless it can be demonstrated that:
- there is no local need for the facility
- the retention is not economically viable and there is no reasonable likelihood of an alternative facility being economically active
Decline of bus transport in Isle of Purbeck
150 bus from Poole to Swanage via the Sandbanks/Studland ferry and the 142/143/144 via Holton Heath, Sandford, Wareham, Corfe and variably Kingston, Langton Matravers, Worth Matravers and Harmans Cross to Swanage. There is minimus coverage through volunteer schemes but this is also limited
Decline of rail transport in Isle of Purbeck
Wareham station is on the London Waterloo to Weymouth line. The Wareham and Swanage line was cut in 1972. Wareham to Furzebrook was maintained to service the railhead for the oil well at Wytch Farm. Swanage has a steam railway but is mainly just a tourist facility. The Swanage Railway operates on 10 km of track between Swanage and Norden passing the Corfe Castle. A Swanage Railway Trust objective is the restore the link to Wareham, reestablishing a daily service to connect with mainline trains
Rural deprivation in the Isle or Purbeck
Housing deprivation is especially in high-price housing counties like Dorset. Opportunity deprivation is the lack of opportunity in health and social services, education and retail facilities also affects disadvantaged people especially in isolated areas
Mobility deprivation as public transport is limited on the Isle of Purbeck. Many low income households have to spend a lot of their income on running a car so less is available for other need. Hospital access is dependent on voluntary organisations. Deprivation is concentrated in the long established population. Those who migrated into the area have a higher level of income
The 10 largest cities in 2012
Tokyo (37m)
Jakarta (26m)
Seoul (22m)
Delhi (22m)
Shangai (20m)
Manila (20m)
Karachi (20m)
New York (20m)
Sao Paulo (20m)
Mexico City (19m)
UK cycle of urbanisation
Urbanisation: the increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities (industrial revolution 1800s)
Suburbanisation: 1980-1960 urban areas spread outwards as railway lines allowed people to live further away from work
Counterurbanisation: from 1960 onwards people left urban areas to move to smaller settlements outside the city
Reurbanisation: beginning in the 1990s people began to return to urban areas due to the redevelopment, reduction in crime and new housing
London counterurbanisation
In London, central rents are high and office employment diffused. 20-30 decentralisation centres are in the Outer Metropolitan Area, 20-80km from central London. Dorking, Guildford and Reigate
Birmingham reurbanisation
Birmingham’s Big City Plan set in 2010 for radical change in the city centre. It will coordinate the redevelopment of the area in the next 20 years
The rejuvenation of Inner London
For the first time in 30 years, London stopped losing people in the 1980s and has been gaining since due to net immigration and natural increase. The population of inner London peaked at 5m in 1900 and dropped to 2.5m by 1983. In 2011 there were 3.23m the highest since 1961. Inner London has benefitted from regeneration projects. The overall effect has been to improve housing, services, employment and the environment. Young adults form most of the population whereas in the 1960s the population structure was more mature
Gentrification process of the rejuvenation of inner London
The physical improvement of the housing stock
A change in housing tenure from renting to owning
An increase in house prices
The displacement or replacement of the working class byt the new middle class
Overview of Stoneleigh railway suburb
By 1940 there was development on the rural urban fringe. Stoneleigh got a railway station in 1932 and had high growth offer. The Stoneleigh Estate was made up of 3 marns which were offered for development in the early 1900s but by 1930 only a few houses had been built. After the railway there was more development. By 1933 a 3500 acre site for 3000 homes existed and there were complete drains and sewers. By 1937 all farmland/woodland within a mile of the railway station was destroyed
Other developments in Stoneleigh
Housing density was 8 per acre. There was also good service to Epsom, Surbiton and Kingston. Further developments:
18 shops by 1933
Sub-post office in 1933 and bank in 1934
First public house in 1934
Cinema in 1937 and churches in 1935 and onwards
Schools from 1934 and recreational ground like Nonsuch Park
Advantages and disadvantages of Stoneleigh railway suburb
Benefitted from a strong and dynamic residents association. Residents were unhappy that Sutton and Cheam were reducing land values. They canvassed for boundaries to be withdrawn raising their property values. By 1939 over 3000 used the railway to commute daily and to reach the south coast. There were problems for buses and cars trying to move around the town and the social community was split
