Unit 2 Mini Case Studies Flashcards
human case studies suck
What caused larger families in Britain in 2000-2015?
Migrants
Does China have a balanced or imbalanced sex ratio
Imbalanced - more boys than girls
Singapore pro-natalist
In 1987, pro-natalist policies were introduced in Singapore because birth rates had fallen to 1.4 children. The government wanted educated couples with good jobs to have children, not uneducated citizens who would need welfare aid if they had large families. Mothers with a 3rd or 4th child often gets financial benefits. If she hd 3 O-level passes in 1 sitting, she qualifies for an enhanced child benefit. Families with more than 2 children get priority schools and houses. There are subsidies for each child in a government-run or government-approved childcare centre. Hospital costs of a 3rd child are reduced. Abortion of convenience are discouraged. Women undergoing sterilisation with less than 3 children get compulsory counselling. A tax rebate is given to mothers with a 2nd child before 28. This Singapore policy has had limited affect so far. Majority of women are well educated, have good jobs and devote their early lives to careers and leisure. The ferility rate is still low at 1.25.
What are 3 countries with the highest birth rates?
Chad
Niger
Mali
What are 3 countries with the highest death rates?
Central African Republic
Latvia
Bulgaria
Bangladesh child mortality
Fell from 144 in 1990 to 41 in 2012
Average life expectancy for black v.s white men in the USA
72.2 for black men
76.6 for white men
19th century Britain death rates in cities
Death rates were higher in cities because of the greater prevalence of infectious diseases; rural areas had cleaner air and greater access to food
USA women v.s men life expectancy
White females : 81.3
White males : 76.6
WWII impact on Soviet Union
24 million people were killed in the Soviet Union which was 14% of the 1939 population. A high proportion of these were men so the impact on the demography of the country was significant
Zimbabwe population pyramid
Typical for an LIC
High death rate
High birth rate
More females than males post-reproductive
Relatively low life expectancy
Increasing birth rate
Over 0.5% more females than males in each category (men immigrate)
Brunei population pyramid
Fewer people in each 5-year group over 50 than under 50
This is despite birth rates higher when the older people were born (40-80 years ago)
Could be because people died-death rate was higher in the past
Could also be due to migration into the country of younger people in the last 40 years
1/3 of the workforce in Brunei is foreign-born so it will be a combination of these factors
China population pyramid
Fewer people aged 50-59 due to a fall in birth rates during ‘The Great Leap Forward’ period (1958-1961) when the communist government began forced industrialisation and private farms became state collectives. Farm yields fell causing famines (estimated 30 million died). Infant mortality rates rose, birth rates fell
Rise in people 40-49. The Great Leap Forward was abandoned and birth rates rose to normal levels
Fewer people 30-39 due to the 1-child policy introduced in 1979
More people 20-29. The people born after The Great Leap Forward now had children
Fall in people 0-19. Due to 1-child policy. Number of people 0-4 shows a slight rise, reflecting a relaxation in the policy since 2000
USA population pyramid
Little variation in birth or immigration rates between 1956 and 2015 (age 0-59)
After 59 people begin to die
Small 60-69 bar shows a low birth rate during WWII
More elderly women than men
Japan population pyramid
Large numbers of people 65-69. Born between 1948 and 1952. Represents a baby boom after WWII because people delayed having children during the war.
20-30 years later the same people (1948-1952 births) had children producing more 40-49 year olds
Low birth rate in recent years and a large number of old people
What country was the DTM based on?
England from 1700 onwards
Disease in Europe in Stage 1 on the DTM
The Black Death wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population in the 14th century
Where was cotton imported from in stage 2 of the DTM?
America, Egypt and India
John Snow’s research
Showed the link between a polluted well in Soho and cholera victims
Where was grain imported from after the agricultural revolution?
North America
When was economic austerity in stage 4 of the DTM?
1930’s
When was economic boom in stage 4 of the DTM?
1960’s
When did a lot of immigrant families arrive in England in stage 5 of the DTM?
2000-2010. Many of these went to work in London so birth rate in London was especially high
France and stage 2 of the DTM
France had no stage 2. Birth rate fell earlier than in England because under the 1804 Napoleonic Code when parents died their land had to be divided amongst all children; individual plots would be too small to be useful if people had a lot of children
Italy and stage 2 of the DTM
Italy had a long stage 2. Most people were Catholic where abortion and contraception were banned. In the 1930’s the fascist government encouraged families to have many children
Sri Lanka death rates
In Sri Lanka death rate fell 34% between 1946 and 1947 because spraying coastal areas with DDT eliminated malaria-carrying mosquitos
The difference between birth rate in England and African countries
In England it was 33 out of 1000 in 1720 but in some African countries today it is over 40 per 1000
Natural increase rate in England and Africa
Highest level of natural increase was less than 2% in England and the natural increase rate for Africa is 2.5% (Uganda was 3.4%)
England’s population and other MIC’s/LIC’s
When England went through stange 2 the population was small (20m) but in China = 1360m, India = 1300m and Indonesia = 260m
England migration in the 19th century
Excess population of England in the 19th century to North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
Alternatives to the DTM
The Czech demographer Pavlik recognised different pattern occurring in France, Japan and Mexico
In France, birth rates fell at the same time as death rates
In Japan and Mexico, birth rates increased as death rates fell due to the improved health of women of childbearing age
Countries with the highest proportion of the population over 15 years old
Niger: 49%
Central African Republic: 48%
Chad: 48%
Congo: 47%
Somalia: 47%
Continents with the highest proportion of the population over 15 years old
World: 26%
Africa: 41%
Latin America: 27%
North America: 19%
Asia: 26%
Europe: 16%
Oceania: 24%
Facts about the Gambia
Smallest country in Africa
Agriculture is the main source of income
Mainly Muslim
50 miles of coastline
Tourism provides over 16% of GDP
Problems with the Gambia large youthful population
Has a young and fast-growing population which puts pressure on resources
95% of the population is Muslim and until recently religious leaders were against the use of contraception. Cultural tradition meant women had little influence on family size
In 2012, infant mortality was 70/1000 with 44% of the population being young dependents and only 2% elderly dependents. Dependency ratio is 85
Many parents struggle to provide basic housing for their families. Lots of overcrowding and lack of sanitation with many children sharing the same bed
Underemployment and unemployment rates are high and wages are low with parents struggling to provide basic needs for large families
Many schools are a 2-shift system with 1 group of children attending in the morning and a different group in the afternoon
Lots of trees are chopped down for firewood so desertification is increasing rapidly
Causes of the youthful population in The Gambia
Children were viewed as an economic asset because of help with crop production and tending animals. 1 in 3 children aged 10-14 are working
Responses to the youthful population problem in The Gambia
The government has recently introduced family planning, accepted by religious leaders
Family planning programmes have limited success with fertility rate falling from 6.1 in 1970 to 5.6 in 2013
Where are the countries with higher than average birth rates?
Mainly in central Africa, Afghanistan and a few countries in the Middle East such as Pakistan and Iran
Where are the countries with the lowest birth rates?
Europe, North America, Australia, most of South America and some of East Asis
Variations in population over 65
World = 65%
Africa = 4%
North America = 14%
Latin America = 7%
Asia = 7%
Europe = 17%
Oceania = 11%
USA’s elderly population
4% if the USA’s population was over 65 in 1900. By 1995 whis was 12.8% and by 2030, 1 in 5 will be senior citizens
French women’s remaining life expectancy
In 2005, 30 years lived meant another 54.4 remaining years
In 1952, 30 years lived mean 44.7 remaining years
Japan’s ageing population facts
Has the most rapidly ageing population in the world
33% of people are over 60
Median age of 46
Population peaked between 2005 and 2010 at 128 million. Predictions are a decline of 50 million by the end of the century
Fertility rate has extremely declined to 1.4
13% of the population is under 15 which is the lowest of any country
Japan’s ageing workforce
Workforce peaked at 67.9 million in 1998 and has been in decline since. Puts an economic burden on the existing workforce. High labour-force participation rate among elderly. Men on average work 5 years after mandatory retirement
Japan’s attitude towards the elderly
Positive attitude. Have a public holiday to respect the elderly. Many are looked after by their families but the number in care homes or welfare facilities is rising. Cost of care is shared by the person, their family and the government. Puts pressure on the economy
Foreigners in Japan
There is competition to recruit young workers. Expanding immigration to reduce the dependency ratio is unacceptable in Japan. Foreigners make up 1% of the labour force
Projections for Japan’s elderly population and responses to it
By 2045 for every Japanese aged 20-64 there will be 3 over 65. Pension reforms have been implemented as well as later retirement and higher contribution from employers
Facts about global life expectancy
Global average life expectancy rose from 46 in 1950 to 71 in 2014. 76 by 2050
In LIC’s. the population over 60 is expected to quadruple between 2000 and 2050
In HIC’s the number of old people outnumbered the number of children for the first time in 1998 By 2050 the number of elderly to the number of children will be 2:1
The population over 80 was 69 million in 2005, will be 375 million by 2050
Europe is the oldest region
Japan is the oldest nation
Africa is the youngest region with 41% of the total under 15 population. 28% by 2050
Singapore disadvantaged in development avoidance
Singapore is a rich, non-agricultural country which has avoided developing more slowly due to its tropical conditions that make farming hard and put people at greater risk of sickness
Top 5 countries for the HDI
Switzerland = 0.96
Norway = 0.96
Iceland = 0.96
Hong Kong = 9.95
Australia = 0.95
Which country has the lowest life expectancy in 2019?
Central African Republic at 53
How many people have food security globally?
5.7 billion
How many people have moderate to severe food insecurity globally?
2 billion
How many people have severe food insecurity globally
750 million
2023 causes of hunger
Conflict- 70% of the hungry are in areas affected by war (especially Ukraine)
WFP’s monthly operating costs are $73.6 million above 2019 (44% rise). These operating costs would have fed 4 million for 1 month
Countries most affected by hunger
Central American Dry Corridor, Haiti, Sahel, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Syria, Yemen and Afghanistan due to climate shocks and conflict
Somalia just managed to stay out of famine
When WFP ran out of funds to feed Syrian refugees in 2015, there was one of the greatest refugee crises in European history
What needs to and has happen to mitigate famine?
In 4 years, 158000 hectares of fields in Sahel region turned into farmland. 2.5 million people benefitted
The WFP microinsurance program protect 360000 farming families from climate hazard in 14 countries including Bangladesh, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji and Guatemala
WFP works with 83 governments to build nutrition-sensitive social protection
Only political will can end conflict in places like Yemen, Ethiopia and South Sudan
Where is expected to experience famine shortly?
129000 people in Burkina Faso, Mali, Somalia and South Sudan
Sudan and South Sudan food supply
Sudan and South Sudan (a single country until 2011) have had food shortages. The civil war and drought have been the main reasons for famine. The civil war lasted over 20 years and was between the government in Khartoum and rebel forces in the West of Donfur and in what is now South Sudan. An issue between the 2 sides of the war was the sharing of oil wealth between the government in the North and the source in the South. 2 million people were displaces by the war and over 70000 died of hunger and disease. UN food programmes occasionally had to stop aid because it was too dangerous for workers.
Physical factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan
Decline of rainfall in the South
Rainfall variability
More use of marginal land causing degradation
Flooding
Social factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan
High population growth of 3% leasing to overgrazing
High female illiteracy of 65%
Poor infant health
Increased threat of AIDS
Agricultural factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan
Variable food production
Static or falling crop yields
Low and falling fertiliser use
Lack of food surplus for use in a crisis
Economic factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan
High dependent on farming: 70% of workforce and 37% of GDP
Dependency on food imports: 13% of consumption from 1998-2000
Limited access to markets
Debt and repayments limit social and economic spending
High military spending
Short-term factors of food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan
Drought and conflict reducing food production and distribution
What made the factors of food shortage sin Sudan and South Sudan worse?
Lack of government political will
Slow donor response
Limited access to famine areas
Regional food shortages
How was India involved in the Green Revolution
India was one of the first in the Green Revolution. High yielding variety seed programme in 1996-1997. Turning point for Indian agriculture. New hybrid varieties of wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and millet. All drought resistance except for rice, responsive to fertilisers and have a shorter growing time
What LIC’s are tropical storms the main hazards for?
Tropical storms are a hazard and impede development in LIC’s such as Bangladesh, Central America and the Caribbeans
Where is desertification reducing the agricultural potential of a country?
The Sahel region in Africa
When and what happen during the main volcanic eruption in Monseratt?
The volcanic eruption occurs in 1995 and all people and resources in the South of the island had to be evacuated to the North
What are the 5 countries with the largest ecoological footprint?
Qatar = 11.68
Kuwait = 9.72
UAE = 8.44
Denmark = 8.25
USA = 7.19
What are the 5 countries with the smallest ecological footprint?
Palestine
Timor Leste
Afghanistan
Haiti
Eritrea
Corn shortages in Brazil
Brazil has experienced a 0.9% population growth. They suffer from political crises and a recession. Its corn exports increased from 1 million tonnes in 2005 to 29 million in 2015 but they have recently over-exported increasing internal prices and since dry weather has badly affected production, so now in short supply and have to import from Paraguay, Argentina and the USA
Corn shortages in Venezuela
Venezuela’s oil-focused economy lacks diversity and imports most of its food. Declining fuel prices and unusual economic systems by the government means that domestic production fell and imports are expensive. The price of corn increased 900%. Many are forced to the black market or to illegally cross the boarder. Social unrest is evident but so is resourcefulness as the people seek alternative food
Corn shortages in Zimbabwe
Corn feeds humans and animals in Zimbabwe. Poor governance, economic trouble and unreliable rain means they only produced 800000 of the 2.2 million tonnes needed to feed its population in 2014, having to import 150000 tonnes from South Africa while the number of people crossing into South Africa and Botswana for economic opportunities rose.
India’s population policy
India was the first LIC in 1952 to try and reduce birth rates. They did this through a government backed family planning programme. This included incentives for serializations, legalising abortions (1972) and increasing the minimum marriage age to 18
Name 4 countries that have implemented pro-natalist policies
Japan
Sweden
Italy
Russia
Russia’s pro-natalist policy
Population has dropped considerably since 1991
Alcoholism, AIDS, pollution and poverty are the main drivers for reduced life expectancy and fewer births
In 2008 they began honouring families with 4+ children with a Parental Glory medal
The government has urged Russians to have more children as a public duty
How many people in Sub-Saharan Africa are undernourished?
1 in 4
Famine in China and India
Millions died in the early 20th century. The last famine on this scale was in China from 1959-1961 and was caused by the communist government reorganising agriculture rather than a natural effect
Large famines recently
1998 Sudan: caused by drought and war
1998-2000 Ethiopia: caused by drought and war with Eritrea
1998-2004 Democratic Republic of Congo: caused by war
2011-2012 Somalia: caused by drought
2012 Sahel region of Africa: caused by drought
The development of HYV’s
The American Norman Borlaug working out of Mexico developed HYV;s of wheat suited to hot climates which were introduced to India in the late 1960’s, doubling wheat production in only 6 years (the Green Revolution)
Henry Beachell developed a HYV of rice at the International Rice Research Centre in the Philippines and was adopted throughout Asia. Within 20 years, what and rice production in Asia doubled
Which HIC’s export food?
USA
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
France
USA farming and growing
Has a long growing season and a lot of good soil. Farmers use hybrid seeds, nitrogen fertilisers and pesticides. The road, rail and air infrastructure is excellent, market are efficient and the government is well organised. They are the biggest food exporter where less than 3% of workers are in agriculture. Much of this is exported to MIC’s/LIC’s where up to 75% of the workforce are farmers
What countries have started to export food recently?
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Russia
Ukraine
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Vietnam
Myanmar
Russia and Ukraine has a lot of arable land per person
Argentina has very good soil
The fertile river deltas of Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar have good rainfall and year-round warmth allowing 3 rice harvests per year
Brazilian food production grew after the discovery in the 1960’s that the infertile soils of the central plains could be improved by adding lime and phosphorus.
A version of the soybean which grew in temperate parts of China was developed for tropical Brazil and the production of this has risen greatly
What countries are just self sufficient?
China
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Indonesia
What countries are high income food importers?
Oil-rich Middle East states such as Saudi Arabia
Japan
South Korea
UK
What countries are low income food importers?
Parts of Central America
Asian countries like the Philippines
North Africa
Middle East
Largest group of countries is in Sub-Saharan Africa which has average yields of 1.2 tonnes of grain per hectare compared to 8 in North America and Europe
Egypt population growth figures
28 million in 1960 ro 88 million in 2015
How much of Japans land has been lost to urban development since 1945?
A third
What is happening to the aquifer under the North China Plain
This plain produces 1/2 of China’s wheat and is falling by 3-6 meters per year
USA hot years and effects of this
One of the hottest years was 2012. In the Great Plains there was little rain for 2 months of the summer. The US department of Agriculture declared natural disasters in over half of the states. The hot, dry weather destroyed 1/6 of maize and 1/8 of soybeans
The USA Energy Independence and Security Act
This was passed in 2007 which required to us of 164 billion litres of renewable fuel by 2022 (68 billion from maize). The aim was to reduce dependence on imports. By 2011, 40% of US maize was used for fuel which limited exports
Yemen inadequate food background informations
Yemen in southern Arabia is one of the poorest countries in the world. Economic and social development is slow as a result of political instability and weak governance. Security is fragile and unpredictable with conflict in the North, secessionists in the South and an increase of militant groups. In 2015, 26% were undernourished
The population is 25 million and the fertility rate is 4.4 women which is one of the highest in the world. Food supply can’t match this
Reasons for Yemen’s inadequate food supply
There is limited availability of land for cultivation since much of the country is mountainous. Water is scarce because of low rainfall and limited piped water. Nearly 2/3 of the people depend on agriculture and over 90% of water is for irrigation. Farming is primitive and there is little use of modern technology
Much of the available land is for the narcotic leaf qat which is a high price on local markets. 40-50% of agricultural water is used for this
Therefore, Yemen is highly dependent on food imports. 90% of wheat and 100% of rice are imported. The country is vulnerable to international food price rises
Most export revenue comes from oil. In 2015 over 9-% of foreign exchange earnings were from exports of oil and gas. Oil exports have been reduced by the attacks on the pipelines that carry crude oil to ports resulting in lower foreign exchange earnings and limiting the funds for importing essential commodities
Effects of Yemen’s food shortages
Low agricultural productivity contributes significantly to poverty as almost 2/3 of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. About 5 million people depend on food aid
Responses to Yemen’s food shortages
Tos support the restoration of stability, the Nation Food Security Strategy aims to make 90% of the population food secure by 2020. To do this they include measures to decrease qat production and consumption, reduce their vulnerability to global food price shocks and promote the sustainable use of water. Efforts to fight poverty in rural areas, increase from incomes and create more jobs are centred on measures to increase access to inputs such as improved seed varieties of grain and oilseeds and to upgrade agricultural markets
