Unit 2 Mini Case Studies Flashcards
human case studies suck
What caused larger families in Britain in 2000-2015?
Migrants
Does China have a balanced or imbalanced sex ratio
Imbalanced - more boys than girls
Singapore pro-natalist
In 1987, pro-natalist policies were introduced in Singapore because birth rates had fallen to 1.4 children. The government wanted educated couples with good jobs to have children, not uneducated citizens who would need welfare aid if they had large families. Mothers with a 3rd or 4th child often gets financial benefits. If she hd 3 O-level passes in 1 sitting, she qualifies for an enhanced child benefit. Families with more than 2 children get priority schools and houses. There are subsidies for each child in a government-run or government-approved childcare centre. Hospital costs of a 3rd child are reduced. Abortion of convenience are discouraged. Women undergoing sterilisation with less than 3 children get compulsory counselling. A tax rebate is given to mothers with a 2nd child before 28. This Singapore policy has had limited affect so far. Majority of women are well educated, have good jobs and devote their early lives to careers and leisure. The ferility rate is still low at 1.25.
What are 3 countries with the highest birth rates?
Chad
Niger
Mali
What are 3 countries with the highest death rates?
Central African Republic
Latvia
Bulgaria
Bangladesh child mortality
Fell from 144 in 1990 to 41 in 2012
Average life expectancy for black v.s white men in the USA
72.2 for black men
76.6 for white men
19th century Britain death rates in cities
Death rates were higher in cities because of the greater prevalence of infectious diseases; rural areas had cleaner air and greater access to food
USA women v.s men life expectancy
White females : 81.3
White males : 76.6
WWII impact on Soviet Union
24 million people were killed in the Soviet Union which was 14% of the 1939 population. A high proportion of these were men so the impact on the demography of the country was significant
Zimbabwe population pyramid
Typical for an LIC
High death rate
High birth rate
More females than males post-reproductive
Relatively low life expectancy
Increasing birth rate
Over 0.5% more females than males in each category (men immigrate)
Brunei population pyramid
Fewer people in each 5-year group over 50 than under 50
This is despite birth rates higher when the older people were born (40-80 years ago)
Could be because people died-death rate was higher in the past
Could also be due to migration into the country of younger people in the last 40 years
1/3 of the workforce in Brunei is foreign-born so it will be a combination of these factors
China population pyramid
Fewer people aged 50-59 due to a fall in birth rates during ‘The Great Leap Forward’ period (1958-1961) when the communist government began forced industrialisation and private farms became state collectives. Farm yields fell causing famines (estimated 30 million died). Infant mortality rates rose, birth rates fell
Rise in people 40-49. The Great Leap Forward was abandoned and birth rates rose to normal levels
Fewer people 30-39 due to the 1-child policy introduced in 1979
More people 20-29. The people born after The Great Leap Forward now had children
Fall in people 0-19. Due to 1-child policy. Number of people 0-4 shows a slight rise, reflecting a relaxation in the policy since 2000
USA population pyramid
Little variation in birth or immigration rates between 1956 and 2015 (age 0-59)
After 59 people begin to die
Small 60-69 bar shows a low birth rate during WWII
More elderly women than men
Japan population pyramid
Large numbers of people 65-69. Born between 1948 and 1952. Represents a baby boom after WWII because people delayed having children during the war.
20-30 years later the same people (1948-1952 births) had children producing more 40-49 year olds
Low birth rate in recent years and a large number of old people
What country was the DTM based on?
England from 1700 onwards
Disease in Europe in Stage 1 on the DTM
The Black Death wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population in the 14th century
Where was cotton imported from in stage 2 of the DTM?
America, Egypt and India
John Snow’s research
Showed the link between a polluted well in Soho and cholera victims
Where was grain imported from after the agricultural revolution?
North America
When was economic austerity in stage 4 of the DTM?
1930’s
When was economic boom in stage 4 of the DTM?
1960’s
When did a lot of immigrant families arrive in England in stage 5 of the DTM?
2000-2010. Many of these went to work in London so birth rate in London was especially high
France and stage 2 of the DTM
France had no stage 2. Birth rate fell earlier than in England because under the 1804 Napoleonic Code when parents died their land had to be divided amongst all children; individual plots would be too small to be useful if people had a lot of children
Italy and stage 2 of the DTM
Italy had a long stage 2. Most people were Catholic where abortion and contraception were banned. In the 1930’s the fascist government encouraged families to have many children
Sri Lanka death rates
In Sri Lanka death rate fell 34% between 1946 and 1947 because spraying coastal areas with DDT eliminated malaria-carrying mosquitos
The difference between birth rate in England and African countries
In England it was 33 out of 1000 in 1720 but in some African countries today it is over 40 per 1000
Natural increase rate in England and Africa
Highest level of natural increase was less than 2% in England and the natural increase rate for Africa is 2.5% (Uganda was 3.4%)
England’s population and other MIC’s/LIC’s
When England went through stange 2 the population was small (20m) but in China = 1360m, India = 1300m and Indonesia = 260m
England migration in the 19th century
Excess population of England in the 19th century to North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
Alternatives to the DTM
The Czech demographer Pavlik recognised different pattern occurring in France, Japan and Mexico
In France, birth rates fell at the same time as death rates
In Japan and Mexico, birth rates increased as death rates fell due to the improved health of women of childbearing age
Countries with the highest proportion of the population over 15 years old
Niger: 49%
Central African Republic: 48%
Chad: 48%
Congo: 47%
Somalia: 47%
Continents with the highest proportion of the population over 15 years old
World: 26%
Africa: 41%
Latin America: 27%
North America: 19%
Asia: 26%
Europe: 16%
Oceania: 24%
Facts about the Gambia
Smallest country in Africa
Agriculture is the main source of income
Mainly Muslim
50 miles of coastline
Tourism provides over 16% of GDP
Problems with the Gambia large youthful population
Has a young and fast-growing population which puts pressure on resources
95% of the population is Muslim and until recently religious leaders were against the use of contraception. Cultural tradition meant women had little influence on family size
In 2012, infant mortality was 70/1000 with 44% of the population being young dependents and only 2% elderly dependents. Dependency ratio is 85
Many parents struggle to provide basic housing for their families. Lots of overcrowding and lack of sanitation with many children sharing the same bed
Underemployment and unemployment rates are high and wages are low with parents struggling to provide basic needs for large families
Many schools are a 2-shift system with 1 group of children attending in the morning and a different group in the afternoon
Lots of trees are chopped down for firewood so desertification is increasing rapidly
Causes of the youthful population in The Gambia
Children were viewed as an economic asset because of help with crop production and tending animals. 1 in 3 children aged 10-14 are working
Responses to the youthful population problem in The Gambia
The government has recently introduced family planning, accepted by religious leaders
Family planning programmes have limited success with fertility rate falling from 6.1 in 1970 to 5.6 in 2013
Where are the countries with higher than average birth rates?
Mainly in central Africa, Afghanistan and a few countries in the Middle East such as Pakistan and Iran
