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IB Geography > Unit 6 - Global Risks and Resilience > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Global Risks and Resilience Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hacking?

A
  • the gaining of unauthorised access to data in a system or computer
  • an attempt to exploit a computer system or a private network inside a computer
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2
Q

What is identity-theft?

A
  • the fraudulent practice of using another person’s name and personal information in order to obtain credit, loans, etc.
  • use of an individual’s personally identifying information by someone else without that individual’s permission or knowledge
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3
Q

What are the environmental factors affecting supply-chain risks?

A
  • natural disasters
  • extreme weather events
  • epidemics
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4
Q

What are the political factors affecting supply-chain risks?

A
  • protectionism
  • trade restrictions
  • conflict
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5
Q

What are the economic factors affecting supply-chain risks?

A
  • currency fluctuations

- trade restrictions imposed by governments

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6
Q

What are the technological factors affecting supply-chain risks?

A
  • disruption to transport networks and ICT networks
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7
Q

What is the repatriation of profits?

A
  • the movement of profits made in a business or investment in a foreign country back to the country of origin
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8
Q

Why are profits normally repatriated?

A
  • to protect against expropriation or to take advantage of currency fluctuation
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9
Q

When is profit repatriation an important factor?

A
  • when determining whether foreign direct investment (FDI) in another country is actually profitable for the parent firm
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10
Q

What is tax avoidance?

A
  • the arrangement of one’s financial affairs to minimise tax liability within the law
  • he legal usage of the tax regime in a single territory to one’s own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law
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11
Q

How do wealthy people avoid taxes?

A
  • live in countries with lower rates of tax
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12
Q

What are drones?

A
  • unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operated by remote control, either by an operator or by an on-board computer
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13
Q

What are the advantages of drones?

A
  • can be used for surveillance in natural and man-made disasters to survey damage, locate victims, help the police search for lost children and monitor large crowds
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14
Q

How much is the drone industry expected to generate between 2015 and 2018?

A
  • over $13 billion
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15
Q

How much is the drone industry expected to generate by 2025?

A
  • $80 billion
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16
Q

How many jobs is the drone industry expected to generate?

A
  • 30,000 manufacturing jobs

- 70,000 technical jobs

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of drones?

A
  • caused many civilian fatalities
  • been linked with invasion of personal privacy
  • drones used in war are operated far from the conflict zone and may thus desensitise military personnel to war and killing
  • cost
  • breakdown or malfunction of computer software
  • human error in operation
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18
Q

How many respondent in a US survey indicated that the supported the use of droned and UAVs in war?

A
  • 56%
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19
Q

How many people were killed by drones between 2006 and 2009?

A
  • 746 people killed in attacks using drones
  • 147 of the victims were civilians
    94 were children
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20
Q

How many civilians did Pakistan claim had been killed in Pakistan in US strikes since 2006?

A
  • 400 civilians
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21
Q

What is 3D printing technology (or “additive manufacturing”)?

A
  • (allows for the) creation of physical objects from a digital model, by building them up in a sequence of layers
  • allows manufacturers to create complex 3D objects in a short time
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22
Q

What are the favours of 3D printing?

A
  • could counter globalisation, as many users will do much of their own manufacturing rather than outsource or engage in trade
  • could lead to the development of localised, customised production that responds to demand
  • little was involved
  • e.g. has been used to create human body parts, organs and tissues
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23
Q

What are the risks of 3D printing?

A
  • lack of legislation and regulations concerning the technology means that it can be used to create weapons and counterfeit goods
  • will replace labour
  • can enable gangs to steal money from ATM machines
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24
Q

What is polarisation?

A
  • rising geopolitical tensions and economic rivalries divide the global economy into competing blocs of countries
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25
Q

What is islandisation?

A
  • nationalism gains ground in key economies around the world, leading to protectionist measures and reduced global economic flows
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26
Q

What is commonisation?

A
  • the rise of a new global commons through manufacturing and the sharing economy and a fall of the consumer capitalism
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27
Q

What was clear by 2014-2015?

A
  • that the increase in globalisation had been matched by an increase in nationalism
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28
Q

What was the increase in nationalism in part due?

A
  • poor economic growth following the financial crisis of 2008, rising inequality, and, in Europe, rising immigration
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29
Q

What did the changes e.g. rising immigration lead many people to look for?

A
  • stability in national or local features, such as a shared culture, history or language
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30
Q

What does this new nationalism take form of?

A
  • protectionist policies e.g. trade barriers
  • policies favouring domestic workers
  • anti-immigration measures and resource nationalism
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31
Q

What are examples of renewed nationalism?

A
  • election of President Trump
  • UK’s vote for Brexit
  • growth of right-wing political parties in the EU
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32
Q

What does the Committee on the Future Economy (CFE) in Singapore state?

A
  • in 2017 its strategy for the future, stated that Singapore must “remain plugged into global trade” and “must resist the threat of rising protectionism amid anti-globalisation sentiment”
  • does not share growth in nationalism
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33
Q

What is transboundary pollution?

A
  • pollution affecting a large area or more than one country
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34
Q

Where does dry deposition of pollutants usually occur?

A
  • typically close to the source of pollutants
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35
Q

When and where does wet deposition of pollutants usually occur?

A
  • when the pollutants are dissolved in precipitation
  • may fall at great distances from the sources
  • crosses international boundaries with disregard (and so it is a form of transboundary pollution)
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36
Q

What is acid rain?

A
  • rainfall that is more acidic than normal due to human activity
  • pH of less than 5.5
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37
Q

What are the major causes of acid rain?

A
  • the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas
  • when sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere, they can be absorbed by the moisture
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38
Q

What are the major producers of sulphur dioxide?

A
  • coal-fired power stations
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39
Q

What are the major producers of nitrogen oxides?

A
  • vehicles, especially cars
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40
Q

Do nitrogen oxides or sulphur oxides have a greater effect?

A
  • sulphur oxides

- account for two-thirds of the problem

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41
Q

How are worldwide emission changing?

A
  • sulphur oxides declining

- nitrogen oxides increasing (partly due to increased car ownership)

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42
Q

What are the effects of acidification?

A
  • weathering of buildings
  • mobilisation of metals, especially iron and aluminium, by acidic water which is carried into rivers and lakes
  • aluminium damages fish gills
  • tree growth is severely reduced
  • soil acidity increases
  • lakes become acidified and aquatic life suffers
  • there are possible links (as yet unproven) to the increase in cases of senile dementia
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43
Q

Where are the effects of acid deposition greatest?

A
  • areas with high level of precipitation

- areas with acidic rocks that cannot neutralise the deposited acidity

44
Q

What are the various methods being used to reduce the impacts of acid deposition?

A
  • adding powdered limestone to lakes to increase their pH
  • curb the emissions of the pollutants:
  • reducing the amount of fossil fuels used
  • using less sulphur-rich fossil fuel
  • using alternative energy sources that do not produce nitrate or sulphate gases
  • removing the pollutants before they reach the atmosphere
45
Q

What is one of the most important factors in the growth of globalisation?

A
  • shipping
46
Q

Where are there high rates of pollution?

A
  • along certain shipping routes
  • NO2 track in the Indian Ocean between Singapore and Sri Lanka
  • others in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Mediterranean Sea and along the route from Singapore to China
47
Q

How does shipping cause a great deal of pollution and environmental damage?

A
  • oil and chemicals released in deliberate discharges and accidental spills
  • waste dumping, including sewage and garbage
  • air pollution through the release of greenhouse gases
  • physical damage through the use of anchors
  • noise pollution, which disturbs large mammals such as whales
48
Q

How many merchant ships sail along the world’s main shipping routes (where pollution is highly concentrated)?

A
  • approximately 50,000 merchant ships

- carry about 90% of the world’s trade between countries

49
Q

On what factors does the carbon footprint associated with food production depend on?

A
  • volume of produce
  • means of transport
  • refrigeration
  • packaging
  • storage
  • distribution
  • sales
50
Q

What is the carbon footprint associated with food production?

A
  • the greenhouse gas emissions produced by growing, rearing, farming, processing, transporting, storing, cooking and disposing of the food you eat
51
Q

What kind of flow is at an all-time high?

A
  • human migration
52
Q

What is agro-industrialisation?

A
  • the large-scale, intensive, high-input, high-output, commercial nature of much modern farming
53
Q

What has agro-industrialisation done?

A
  • increased food production
54
Q

What is the issue with agro-industrialisation?

A
  • major consumer of energy - a a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, water pollution, land erosion and loss of biodiversity
55
Q

What does intensive farming require?

A
  • heavy use of chemicals

- methods that lead to land degradation and animal welfare problems

56
Q

What do land grabs result in?

A
  • less land available for indigenous/national populations and give access to a foreign country/multinational
57
Q

What are food miles?

A
  • how far food has travelled before it appears on a plate
58
Q

What is the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)?

A
  • an international environmental non-governmental organisation (NGO) or civil society
59
Q

When was WWF founded and what was the initial aim?

A
  • 1961
  • aim of preserving wilderness areas and the species that inhabited them, and reducing the human impact on the environment
60
Q

What is the world’s largest civil society?

A
  • WWF

- working in over 1,300 projects in over 100 countries and with over 5 million supporters worldwide

61
Q

What is WWF’s mission statement?

A
  • “to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature”
62
Q

What did WWF’s first manifesto state that it needed?

A
  • “money, to carry out missions and to meet conservation emergencies by buying land where wildlife treasures are threatened, money… to pay guardians of wildlife refuges… and for education”
63
Q

What did the WWF change its statement to in the 1990s?

A
  • “stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature” by: conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption
64
Q

What is WWF’s current strategy?

A
  • restore populations of keystone species, species that are important for their ecosystem or people, including elephants and whales
  • reduce ecological footprints
65
Q

What are the criticisms of WWF?

A
  • too close to some large companies such as Coca-Cola and Ikea
  • involvement with TNCs responsible for destruction of the natural environment
  • was using eco-guards who had abused the rights of indigenous people in the Cameroon rainforest (WWF denied this statement)
66
Q

What is Oxfam?

A
  • an international charity focused on the alleviation of global poverty
67
Q

When was Oxfam created and why was it originally created?

A
  • was initially called Oxford Committee for Famine Relief
  • 1942
  • original aim of getting food to people in Greece during the Second World War
68
Q

What have Oxfam’s aims changed to?

A
  • aim to address the causes of poverty and injustice, having the human rights to the fore of its mission
69
Q

What does the Oxfam International strategic plan state that everyone has the right to?

A
  • a sustainable livelihood
  • basic social services
  • life and security
  • be heard
  • an identity
70
Q

What does Oxfam believe can be eliminated?

A
  • believes that poverty and powerlessness can be eliminated if there is political will and human action
71
Q

In which three main areas does Oxfam continue to work in?

A
  • development support (which aims to lift people out of poverty with sustainable projects)
  • humanitarian work following natural disasters and conflict
  • lobbying and campaigning
72
Q

What did Oxfam claim in its 2015-2016 annual report?

A
  • the combined wealth of the world’s richest 1% would overtake that of everyone else by 2016, given the trend of rising inequality
73
Q

What does Oxfam focus on in its activities?

A
  • economic justice
  • essential services
  • rights in crisis
  • gender justice
74
Q

What does economic justice focus on (Oxfam activity)?

A
  • improving farming for famers and labourers, fairer trade, and reducing shocks from energy changes and climate change
75
Q

What does essential services focus on (Oxfam activity)?

A
  • the provision of health education, water and sanitation
76
Q

What does rights in crisis focus on (Oxfam activity)?

A
  • assistance given during conflicts and after disasters
77
Q

What does gender justice focus on (Oxfam activity)?

A
  • support women’s leadership and increase the number of women receiving an education
78
Q

When did Oxfam’s first shop open?

A
  • 1948
79
Q

How many shops does Oxfam have worldwide?

A
  • about 1,200 shops worldwide, selling books, CDs, crafts, clothing and ethnic products
80
Q

What did Oxfam establish in 2013?

A
  • “Behind the brands” product, in which they provided information on the policies of the biggest food brands against the following criteria:
  • transparency at corporate level
  • farm worker, including women, and small-scale producers in the supply chain
  • small-scale farmers growing the commodities
  • land rights and sustainable use of land
  • water rights and the sustainable use of water
  • methods of reducing climate change and adapting to climate change
81
Q

What does Oxfam’s Make Trade Fair aim to do?

A
  • to eliminate a number of practices, including the dumping in LICs of highly subsidised foods produced in HICs; high import tariffs; unequal labour laws, in which women earn less than their male counterparts; and patent issues of seeds, medicines and software
82
Q

What are the criticisms of Oxfam?

A
  • allegations that Oxfam is politically motivated; that some of its trustees were tax avoiders, and that its stores have forced the closure of small specialist stores and other charity shops
83
Q

What happened during the 1970s and 1980s in terms of employment?

A
  • major decline in manufacturing employment in HICs as a result of offshoring to LICs, which offered low-cost labour
84
Q

Why is brining manufacturing back to the US complex?

A
  • considerations include wages, energy costs and trade agreements
85
Q

What happened between 2013 an 2014 in terms of jobs in the US?

A
  • the US moved from losing about 140,000 manufacturing jobs per year to gaining 10,000 or more annually
86
Q

What are the push factors from overseas (reshoring)?

A
  • rising global oil prices and increasing transport costs
  • a relative lack of skilled labour in LICs compared with HICs
  • rising labour costs in LICs and NICs
  • greater risks in the supply chain
87
Q

What are the pull factors to return home (reshoring)?

A
  • increased demand for customisation of products and smaller runs
  • a tradition of manufacturing, and public demand to maintain employment in HICs
  • consumers increasingly demanding quick delivery times
  • higher levels of R&D
88
Q

What is an example of reshoring?

A
  • www.bathrooms.com
  • investing $2.5 million in the Midlands, UK, where it will manufacture 25% of its products - this will cut delivery time for customers
89
Q

Which kind of companies are most likely to reshore?

A
  • capital-intensive sectors with complex supply chains and rapidly changing markets
    (- include petroleum, chemicals and aerospace; pharmaceuticals and chemicals (R&D); textiles and leather goods)
90
Q

What are the impacts of reshoring?

A
  • direct impacts on output, GDP and employment
  • indirect impacts in the supply chain
  • multiplier effects, when the employees of the reshored industries spend their earnings in the economy and increase demand for services
91
Q

What is crowdsourcing?

A
  • the process of sourcing ideas, services, finances and information from the public via the internet due to the benefit from the collective abilities of a large group of people
  • getting a crowd of people to help you with a task that’s typically performed by a single individual or group
92
Q

What are the 4 groups crowdsourcing can be divided into?

A
  • microtasks (breaking a large project into tiny, definable tasks for a crowd of workers to complete)
  • macrotasks (presenting a project to the crowd and asking them to get involved with the portions they’re knowledgeable in, participants are empowered to determine the best course of action)
  • crowdfunding (asking a crowd to donate a defined amount of money for a specified cause, project, or other use within a predetermined timeframe - if your goal isn’t met, all donations are refunded)
  • contests (asking a crowd for work and only providing compensation to the chosen entries)
93
Q

When has crowdsourcing been used?

A
  • in times of natural disasters
94
Q

How much did crowdfunding raise following the earthquake in Nepal?

A
  • $20 million in 60 days

- also provided images of buildings, schools and hospitals daily, to help search, rescue and relief workers

95
Q

What does crowdsourcing allow organisations to do?

A
  • to tap into the creativity of large numbers of people
96
Q

What is resilience?

A
  • the ability of individuals, communities or environments to respond to shocks and changes while continuing to operate under new circumstances
97
Q

What is Wikipedia an example of?

A
  • a crowd-sourced effort that enables people in most places to obtain information on most subjects very quickly, and at very limited extra cost
98
Q

What is cybersecurity (/computer security?

A
  • the protection of information systems, hardware and software from theft or damage, as well as the protection of information on computers and related technology
99
Q

Why is the need for cybersecurity increasing?

A
  • more people and organisations rely on computers and the internet
100
Q

What is phishing?

A
  • the attempt to obtain personal or sensitive information such as user names, passwords, bank account details and credit card details
101
Q

What are common targets of threats to computer systems?

A
  • large organisations
  • government departments
  • military computer systems
  • airline carriers
102
Q

What is the most common prevention systems to threats to computer systems?

A
  • firewalls
103
Q

What are firewalls?

A
  • stop access to internal network systems and filter out different kinds of attack
104
Q

What is one of the main issues regarding cybersecurity?

A
  • there are no international regulations or common rules to abide by
105
Q

What are e-passports and what are their advantages?

A
  • has a computer chip in it which contains data about the owner
  • allow faster checking in at airports and border clearance, and the may also help in crime detection, as some contain biometrics such as fingerprints
  • difficult to reproduce or forge, so security is improved
  • also make it more difficult for one person to have several passports
106
Q

What are the disadvantages of e-passports?

A
  • if stolen, the data could be used illegally
  • would be possible for someone to hack into the system and change the data
  • the person who owns the passport does not have access to the data

IB Geography (8 decks)

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