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IB Geography > Option E - Leisure, Tourism and Sport > Flashcards

Option E - Leisure, Tourism and Sport Flashcards

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1
Q

What is leisure?

A
  • any freely chosen activity that takes place in non-work time
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2
Q

What are some factors affecting the growth of leisure?

A
  • a reduction in the length of the working day
  • a reduction in the length of the working week
  • an increase in wages
  • an increase in disposable income
  • the growth of leisure activities
  • an increase in people taking early retirement
  • an increase in self-employment and flexitime
  • developments in technology
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3
Q

What is mass tourism?

A
  • CHECK
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4
Q

What is niche tourism?

A
  • a special-interest tourism catering for relatively small numbers of tourists
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5
Q

Where is more leisure done?

A
  • HICs (more disposable money, more time. etc…)
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6
Q

What is participation rate?

A
  • the proportion of a population that takes part in a specific sporting activity
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7
Q

What are some factors affecting participation in sports and tourism?

A
  • physical, demographic and socio-economic factors
  • affluence
  • gender
  • personality
  • place of residence
  • stage in family life cycle
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8
Q

What are tourism hotspots?

A
  • areas of intense sporting or leisure activity that attract above numbers of visitors
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9
Q

What are primary tourist/recreational resources?

A
  • the pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation including climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites
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10
Q

What are secondary tourist/recreational resources?

A
  • built especially for tourism

- accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping

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11
Q

What is the sphere of influence?

A
  • the area from which a facility or an attraction draws its support
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12
Q

What is the threshold population?

A
  • the minimum number of people needed to support a facility or service
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13
Q

What is the range?

A
  • the maximum distance people will travel to visit a facility/service
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14
Q

What is adventure tourism?

A
  • a type of niche tourism that involves travel to a remote area and some level of risk
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15
Q

What is heritage tourism?

A
  • the travelling to experience the place, artefacts, historic sites and indigenous people of an area
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16
Q

What are the advantages of TNC involvement in expanding tourism destinations?

A
  • presence of TNC hotel can boost tourism demand
  • tourists from HICs demand high standards
  • improve the productivity and sustainability of the sector and economy
  • can help to provide a greater range of tourist activities in some destinations
  • generate employment
  • often pay higher wages and better packages for employees
  • may make an effort to establish linkages with local suppliers
  • can introduce a diverse range of new technologies and skills into an economy
17
Q

What are the disadvantages of TNC involvement in expanding tourism destinations?

A
  • labour exploitation (jobs are seasonal, etc…)
  • removal of capital
  • outflow of wealth (leakage)
  • outside decision-making
  • the outflow of wealth from LICs is widening the global economic divide
18
Q

What are the benefits of tourism as a development strategy?

A
  • positive route towards economic development for poor countries
  • labour intensive and can overcome the problem of unemployment
  • provides opportunities to acquire new skills (language, etc…)
19
Q

What are the costs of tourism as a development strategy?

A
  • weak currency attracts tourists but makes imports (for tourists) costly and marketing expensive
  • puts undue pressure on natural ecosystems
  • much tourist-related employment is unskilled, seasonal, part-time, poorly paid and lacking any rights for the workers
  • important resources (e.g. water) is given to tourists instead of locals meaning they may have to go without
  • large proportion of money goes to overseas companies
  • many tourist facilities owned by TNCs
  • crime is increasingly directed at tourists
20
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A
  • income gained by local people is circulated through the economy
21
Q

What are the advantages of hosting an event (e.g. Olympics, World Cup)?

A
  • prestige (it is an honour and if it goes well, the host city gains reputation)
  • the event may make a profit
  • gives a boost to sport facilities and other facilities
  • economic spin-offs (trade, tourism)
  • unites the country and gives a sense of pride
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of hosting an event (e.g. Olympics, World Cup)?

A
  • may be financial problems
  • large number of visitors puts a strain on hotels, transport, water supplies etc.
  • security risk (terrorist targets)
  • if it does not go well, the host country’s image suffers
23
Q

What is physical carrying capacity?

A
  • the measure of absolute space
24
Q

What is ecological carrying capacity?

A
  • the level of use that an environment can sustain before environmental damage occurs
25
Q

What is perceptual carrying capacity?

A
  • the level of crowding that a tourist will tolerate before deciding the location is too full
26
Q

What is sustainable development?

A
  • development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
27
Q

What does sustainable tourism need to ensure?

A
  • ensure that renewable sources are not consumed at a rate that is faster than the rate of natural replacement
  • maintain biodiversity
  • respect local cultures, livelihoods and customs
  • involve local people in development processes
28
Q

What is ecotourism?

A
  • a “green” or “alternative” form of sustainable tourism
29
Q

What are the characteristics of ecotourism?

A
  • increasing involvement of local communities
  • being appropriate to the local area
  • balancing conversation and development
30
Q

What is diaspora tourism?

A
  • an important set of VFR tourism (visiting friends and relatives)
31
Q

What are the Paralympic Games?

A
  • an international competition for athletes with a range of physical disabilities
32
Q

What did the UN Women and the International Olympic Committee agree on?

A
  • promote women’s empowerment through sports
33
Q

What are the aims of the UN Women?

A
  • to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women worldwide
34
Q

How many women competed in the 1900 Olympics?

A
  • 22 women out of 997 athletes
35
Q

How many women competed in the 2012 Olympics?

A
  • 4676 women out of 11000 athletes

IB Geography (8 decks)

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