Option E - Leisure, Tourism and Sport Flashcards
What is leisure?
- any freely chosen activity that takes place in non-work time
What are some factors affecting the growth of leisure?
- a reduction in the length of the working day
- a reduction in the length of the working week
- an increase in wages
- an increase in disposable income
- the growth of leisure activities
- an increase in people taking early retirement
- an increase in self-employment and flexitime
- developments in technology
What is mass tourism?
- CHECK
What is niche tourism?
- a special-interest tourism catering for relatively small numbers of tourists
Where is more leisure done?
- HICs (more disposable money, more time. etc…)
What is participation rate?
- the proportion of a population that takes part in a specific sporting activity
What are some factors affecting participation in sports and tourism?
- physical, demographic and socio-economic factors
- affluence
- gender
- personality
- place of residence
- stage in family life cycle
What are tourism hotspots?
- areas of intense sporting or leisure activity that attract above numbers of visitors
What are primary tourist/recreational resources?
- the pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation including climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites
What are secondary tourist/recreational resources?
- built especially for tourism
- accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping
What is the sphere of influence?
- the area from which a facility or an attraction draws its support
What is the threshold population?
- the minimum number of people needed to support a facility or service
What is the range?
- the maximum distance people will travel to visit a facility/service
What is adventure tourism?
- a type of niche tourism that involves travel to a remote area and some level of risk
What is heritage tourism?
- the travelling to experience the place, artefacts, historic sites and indigenous people of an area
What are the advantages of TNC involvement in expanding tourism destinations?
- presence of TNC hotel can boost tourism demand
- tourists from HICs demand high standards
- improve the productivity and sustainability of the sector and economy
- can help to provide a greater range of tourist activities in some destinations
- generate employment
- often pay higher wages and better packages for employees
- may make an effort to establish linkages with local suppliers
- can introduce a diverse range of new technologies and skills into an economy
What are the disadvantages of TNC involvement in expanding tourism destinations?
- labour exploitation (jobs are seasonal, etc…)
- removal of capital
- outflow of wealth (leakage)
- outside decision-making
- the outflow of wealth from LICs is widening the global economic divide
What are the benefits of tourism as a development strategy?
- positive route towards economic development for poor countries
- labour intensive and can overcome the problem of unemployment
- provides opportunities to acquire new skills (language, etc…)
What are the costs of tourism as a development strategy?
- weak currency attracts tourists but makes imports (for tourists) costly and marketing expensive
- puts undue pressure on natural ecosystems
- much tourist-related employment is unskilled, seasonal, part-time, poorly paid and lacking any rights for the workers
- important resources (e.g. water) is given to tourists instead of locals meaning they may have to go without
- large proportion of money goes to overseas companies
- many tourist facilities owned by TNCs
- crime is increasingly directed at tourists
What is the multiplier effect?
- income gained by local people is circulated through the economy
What are the advantages of hosting an event (e.g. Olympics, World Cup)?
- prestige (it is an honour and if it goes well, the host city gains reputation)
- the event may make a profit
- gives a boost to sport facilities and other facilities
- economic spin-offs (trade, tourism)
- unites the country and gives a sense of pride
What are the disadvantages of hosting an event (e.g. Olympics, World Cup)?
- may be financial problems
- large number of visitors puts a strain on hotels, transport, water supplies etc.
- security risk (terrorist targets)
- if it does not go well, the host country’s image suffers
What is physical carrying capacity?
- the measure of absolute space
What is ecological carrying capacity?
- the level of use that an environment can sustain before environmental damage occurs
What is perceptual carrying capacity?
- the level of crowding that a tourist will tolerate before deciding the location is too full
What is sustainable development?
- development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What does sustainable tourism need to ensure?
- ensure that renewable sources are not consumed at a rate that is faster than the rate of natural replacement
- maintain biodiversity
- respect local cultures, livelihoods and customs
- involve local people in development processes
What is ecotourism?
- a “green” or “alternative” form of sustainable tourism
What are the characteristics of ecotourism?
- increasing involvement of local communities
- being appropriate to the local area
- balancing conversation and development
What is diaspora tourism?
- an important set of VFR tourism (visiting friends and relatives)
What are the Paralympic Games?
- an international competition for athletes with a range of physical disabilities
What did the UN Women and the International Olympic Committee agree on?
- promote women’s empowerment through sports
What are the aims of the UN Women?
- to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women worldwide
How many women competed in the 1900 Olympics?
- 22 women out of 997 athletes
How many women competed in the 2012 Olympics?
- 4676 women out of 11000 athletes
