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IB Geography > Option D - Geophysical Hazards > Flashcards

Option D - Geophysical Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A
  • the Earth is made up of many layers
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2
Q

What is subduction?

A
  • the plunging of one plate beneath another
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3
Q

Where do subduction zones form?

A
  • where an oceanic lithospheric plate collides with another plate
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4
Q

Where does rifting occur?

A
  • at constructive plate boundaries
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5
Q

What is the global internal heat flow?

A
  • large-scale convection currents
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6
Q

What is a shield volcano?

A
  • gently sloping sides, a shallow crater and large circumstances
  • formed from very hot, runny lava that flows great distances
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7
Q

What is a composite (/strato) volcano?

A
  • slopes of near 30° near the summit and 5° near the base

- formed by alternating eruptions of fragmental material followed by lava outputs

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8
Q

What is a cinder volcano?

A
  • usually concave with a steep of angle at 30°-40°

- formed by fragments of solid material

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9
Q

What is a lava eruption?

A
  • runny basaltic lava which flows down the sides of the volcano and gases escape easily
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10
Q

What is a pyroclastic eruption?

A
  • explosive eruptions that produce pyroclastic rock
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11
Q

What is a vulcanian eruption?

A
  • violent and occur when the pressure of trapped gases in viscous magma becomes sufficient to blow off the overlying crust of solidified lava
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12
Q

What are the primary hazards of a volcano?

A
  • direct impacts of the eruption

- lava flows, ash fallout, pyroclastic flows, gas emissions, …

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13
Q

What are the secondary hazards of a volcano?

A
  • may be due to the way that the ejected material reacts or changes form
  • lahars, debris avalanches, avalanches, …
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14
Q

What is an earthquake?

A
  • a series of seismic vibrations or shock waves which originate from the focus
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15
Q

What is the focus?

A
  • the point at which the pates release their tension or compression suddenly
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16
Q

What is the epicentre?

A
  • the point on the surface of the Earth immediately above the focus of the earthquake
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17
Q

What are primary waves?

A
  • the fastest wave type and can move through solids and liquids - they shake the Earth forward and backward
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18
Q

What are secondary waves?

A
  • move with a sideways motion and are unable to move through liquids - they make the ground move horizontally, causing a lot of damage
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19
Q

What are love waves (a wave that is transformed when a primary wave or secondary wave reaches the surface)?

A
  • cause the ground to move sideways

- travels slowly through the crust, but causes the most damage

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20
Q

What are rayleigh waves (a wave that is transformed when a primary wave or secondary wave reaches the surface)?

A
  • cause the ground to move up and down

- travels slowly through the crust, but causes the most damage

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21
Q

What is the primary hazard of an earthquake?

A
  • ground shaking
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22
Q

What are some secondary hazards of an earthquake?

A
  • ground failure and soil liquefaction
  • landslides and rockfalls
  • debris flow and mudflow
  • tsunami
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23
Q

What are some impacts of an earthquake?

A
  • loss of life
  • loss of livelihood
  • total or partial destruction of buildings
  • interruption of water supplies
  • breakage of sewage disposal systems
  • loss of public utilities such as electricity and gas
  • floods due to collapsed dams
  • release of hazardous material
  • fires
  • spread of chronic illness due to lack of sanitary conditions
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24
Q

What are mass movements?

A
  • any large-scale movement of the Earth’s surface that are not accompanied by a moving agent such as a river, glacier or ocean wave
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25
Q

What are some different types of mass movement?

A
  • soil creep (slow)
  • landslide (medium speed)
  • debris avalanche (fast)
  • …
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26
Q

What are some causes of mass movement?

A
  • loading of slope
  • weathering effects
  • transient stress
  • changes of structure
  • organic effects
  • …
27
Q

Where do most earthquakes occur?

A
  • near plate boundaries
28
Q

What human activities could cause earthquakes?

A
  • large dams
  • mining
  • testing of weapons
29
Q

Where do most volcanoes occur?

A
  • many near plate boundaries
  • over hotspots
  • about 3/4 of volcanoes lie along the Pacific Ring of Fire
30
Q

What is a hotspot?

A
  • a plume of hot material rising from the deep within the mantle (- which is responsible for volcanoes)
31
Q

Where do landslides occur?

A
  • all around the world

more common in areas that have: active tectonic processes, high rainfall, high population density

32
Q

What is the recurrence interval (/return period)?

A
  • the expected frequency of occurrence measured in years for an event of a particular size
33
Q

What is the Richter Scale?

A
  • measures the magnitude of earthquakes

- logarithmic scale

34
Q

What is the Moment Magnitude Scale?

A
  • measures the amount of energy released

- produces figures that are similar to the Richter Scale

35
Q

What is the Volcanic Explosive Index?

A
  • based on the amount of material ejected in the explosion, the height of the cloud it produces and the amount of damaged caused
36
Q

What is the relationship between magnitude and frequency?

A
  • the higher the magnitude, the lower the frequency
37
Q

What is vulnerability?

A
  • the geographic conditions that increase the susceptibility of a community to a hazard
38
Q

What are the economic factors which increase vulnerability?

A
  • levels of wealth and development
  • building styles and building codes
  • access to technology
  • insurance cover
39
Q

What are the social factors which increase vulnerability?

A
  • education
  • public education
  • awareness of hazards
  • gender
40
Q

What are the demographic factors which increase vulnerability?

A
  • population density
  • age
  • disability
41
Q

What are the political factors which increase vulnerability?

A
  • the nature of society

- effectiveness of lines of communication

42
Q

What are some factors that affect the impacts of geophysical events?

A
  • the magnitude and frequency of events
  • population density
  • type of buildings
  • distance from the event
  • types of rocks and sediment
43
Q

What is risk?

A
  • the likelihood of loss of life, injury, or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period of time
44
Q

What is disaster risk?

A
  • the consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed
45
Q

What are the factors affecting perception of risk?

A
  • experience
  • material well-being
  • personality
46
Q

What is a hazard profile?

A
  • a description and analysis of a specific type of local hazard
47
Q

What is magnitude?

A
  • the size of the event
48
Q

What is frequency (recurrence interval)?

A
  • how often an event of a certain size occurs
49
Q

What is duration?

A
  • the length of time that the environmental hazard exists
50
Q

What is areal extent?

A
  • the size of the area covered by the hazard
51
Q

What is spatial concentration?

A
  • the distribution of hazards over space
52
Q

What is speed of onset?

A
  • the time difference between the start of the event and the peak of the event
53
Q

What is regularity?

A
  • how regular the hazard is
54
Q

What are scientific predictions of hazards used for?

A
  • used to provide precise statements on the time, place and size of the future event
55
Q

How can earthquakes be predicted?

A
  • seismometers (to record micro-earthquakes)
  • magnetometer (to measure changes in the Earth’s magnetic field)
  • strain meters (to monitor surface deformation)
56
Q

How can volcanoes be predicted?

A
  • chemical sensors (to measure increased sulphur levels)
  • lasers/GPS (to detect the physical swelling of the volcano/crater)
  • ultrasound (to monitor low-frequency waves in the magma resulting from the surge of gas and molten rank)
57
Q

How can one prepare for a hazard event by geophysical hazard adaptation?

A
  • land-use zoning
  • insurance
  • new technology
58
Q

How can one manage landslides?

A
  • terracing steep slopes
  • drainage of water from slopes
  • building restraining structures
  • erosion control at the base of cliffs
  • diversion of roads away from active areas
59
Q

How can one manage the risk of earthquakes?

A
  • building can be designed to withstand earthquakes (small windows, deep foundations, shock absorbers, light roofs, …)
  • land-use planning
60
Q

How can one control volcanoes?

A
  • generally little that can be done
  • diverting lava flows using dry channels or explosives or by pumping water onto the lava front to cool it
  • GPS to monitor swelling of volcano, which could indicate an imminent eruption
61
Q

What can one do to manage tsunamis?

A
  • very costly
  • sea walls
  • early warning systems
62
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A
  • people being able to make their homes safe and live in them again
63
Q

What are the post-event management strategies?

A
  • rescue
  • rehabilitation
  • reconstruction
64
Q

How are phones being used after hazard event occured?

A
  • UNICEF training people in Brazil to map social and environmental risk
  • RapidFTR (app) reunites children with their families after a disaster by registering information about the children

IB Geography (8 decks)

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