Unit 1 - Changing Population Flashcards
What is population distribution?
- where people live
What are human factors influencing population distribution?
- distribution of raw materials
- government policies may lead to a redistribution
- new town policies
- conflict and war
- migration of people
What are physical factors influencing population distribution?
- fertile river valleys
- places with regular supplies of water
- good communications and the potential for trade
What is population density?
- measure of how many people live per km2
What is an HIC?
- annual income of over $12475
What is an LIC?
- annual income of less than $1025
What is an MIC?
- annual income between $1025and $12475
What is an MEDC?
- more economically developed countries
- most developed countries that have a high standard of living
What is an LEDC?
- less economically developed countries
- lower stage of development that have a lower quality of life
What is an NIC?
- newly industrialised country
- countries that have experienced rapid industrial, social and economic growth since 1960
What is a CPE?
- centrally planned economies
- socialist countries under strict government controls
- living standards higher than in LEDCs although personal freedom may be limited
What are LDCs?
- least developed countries
- very low standards of living
What does population change include?
- birth rates
- death rates
- migration
What does the general demographic transition model show?
- changes in birth rates and death rates over time
How can natural increase be calculated?
- subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate
What is the total fertility rate?
- average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age
What is total fertility rate influenced by?
- status of women
- level of education
- material ambition
- religion
- health of the mother
- economic prosperity
- need for children
- social and cultural pressure
What is life expectancy?
- average number of years that a person can be expected to live
What is dependency ratio?
- relates the working population to the dependent population
- (number of dependants/population(ages 15-64)) x 100
Why is the men’s life expectancy usually lower than the women’s life expectancy?
- higher retirement age for men
- heavy physical labour for men
- greater likelihood for men of involvement in conflict
- men lead more “self-destructive” lifestyles (smoking and/or drinking to excess)
What do population pyramids show?
- population structure in terms of age, sex and ethnicity
What is forced migration?
- the movement of refugees and internally displaced people
- displaced by conflicts as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine or development projects
What are conflict-induced displacement?
- people who are forced to mov due to armed conflict
What are development-induced displacement?
- people forced to move due to large-scale infrastructure projects
What are disaster-induced displacement?
- people forced to move due to natural disasters and human-induced disaster
What is a refugee?
- a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to return because of well-founded fear of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, membership in a political social group or political opinion
What is an asylum seeker?
- people who have left their country of origin in search of protection in another country, but whose claim for refugee status has not been decided
What are internally displaces persons?
- groups of people who have been forced to flee their home, due to armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, and who are still living within their own country
What is an ageing population?
- one with an increasing number of elderly people
What is the older dependancy ratio?
- relates the number of working-age people to the older population that they support
What are some advantages of an ageing population?
- elderly may have skills (including social skills) and training
- some employers, especially supermarkets and furniture stores, prefer elders to younger workers
- elderly may look after their grandchildren, allowing the parents to work
What is a pro-natalist country
- a country that wishes to increase its population size
What is an anti-natalist country?
- a country that wishes to limit its population size
What are some family planning methods?
- contraceptives
- forced sterilisation
- abortion
What is an anti-trafficking policy?
- UN 2003 protocol to prevent, support and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children
What is a demographic dividend?
- the increase in proportion of adults in a population
What are the benefits of the demographic dividend?
- increased labour supply
- healthier women (lower fertility rate)
- less social and economic pressures at home (lower fertility rate)
- better health and educational outcomes for children (lower fertility rate)
- economic growth
What happens after the demographic dividend?
- the dependancy ratio increases again
- demographic dividend becomes a liability
