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IB Geography > Unit 4 - Power, Places and Networks > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Power, Places and Networks Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A
  • the process of creating networks of connections among actors at multi-continental distances, mediated through a variety of flows including people, information an ideas, capital and goods
    (- the increasing interdependence of countries (in terms of economic systems, physical systems, sociocultural systems, political systems))
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2
Q

What is the economic form of globalisation?

A
  • accelerated by the growth of transnational corporations (TNCs)
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3
Q

What is the social form of globalisation?

A
  • the impact of western culture, art, media, sport and leisure activities around the world
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4
Q

What is the political form of globalisation?

A
  • the growth of western democracies and their influence on poor countries, and the opening up of centralised economies
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5
Q

What process is globalisation described as?

A
  • process that erodes national boundaries, integrates national economies, cultures, technologies and governance and produces complex relations of mutual interdependence
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6
Q

What are the main features of the KOF Index of Globalisation?

A
  • economic dimension
  • social dimension
  • political dimension
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7
Q

What are the main features of the EY Globalisation Index?

A
  • openness to trade
  • capital flows
  • exchange of technology and ideas
  • labour movements
  • cultural integration
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8
Q

What are the main features of the New Globalisation Index?

A
  • finance
  • trade
  • politics
  • social
    (- differs from the others since it measures the distance of goods traded and counts the number of refugees in a country)
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9
Q

What are superpowers?

A
  • countries that influence policy on an international scale
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10
Q

What is soft power?

A
  • the ability to change individuals, communities and nations without using force or coercion
    (- culture, political values, foreign policies e.g. aid)
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11
Q

What is hard power?

A

-

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12
Q

Superpowers: What are the factors of geographical influence?

A
  • large land/sea areas
  • enough resources to be self sustaining if necessary
  • large population
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13
Q

Superpowers: What are the factors of military influence?

A
  • large ability to project power over the world

- large land, sea and air army which can be easily deployed

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14
Q

Superpowers: What are the factors of economic influence?

A
  • large national economy (high GDP)
  • high economic growth
  • large number of companies (MNCs)
  • economic self sufficiency
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15
Q

Superpowers: What are the factors of cultural influence?

A
  • strong cultural influence over other nations
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16
Q

What is a loan?

A
  • transfer of money or skills that require repayment over a set time
17
Q

What are structural adjustment programmes?

A
  • loans from the IMF requiring the borrowing country to cut its government expenditure, reduce state intervention in its economy, and promote liberalisation and international trade
18
Q

What is the great advantage of remittances?

A
  • go directly to migrants’ family/household and can be used for whatever purpose the household wishes
19
Q

What forms of illegal flows are there?

A
  • trafficked people
  • counterfeit goods
  • fraudulent medicines
  • counterfeit food and drink
  • drugs
20
Q

What is Foreign Direct Investment?

A
  • the investment by a company into the structures, equipment or organisations of a foreign country
21
Q

What is a transnational company?

A
  • an organisation that operates in a number of countries
22
Q

What is a multi-governmental organisation?

A
  • operate across a number of different states
23
Q

What is a trading bloc?

A
  • an arrangement between countries to allow free trade between member countries to impose tariffs on external countries that wish to trade with them
24
Q

What are the advantages of FDI for an HIC?

A
  • cheaper imports
  • growth in LICs may lead to a demand for exports from HICs
  • greater worker mobility to areas with relative scarcities of labour
  • greater industrial efficiency
25
Q

What are the advantages of FDI for a NICs and LICs?

A
  • higher exported-generated income
  • the effects can spread to local areas with many new, highly paid jobs
  • negative trade balances can be reduced
  • employment growth in relatively labour-intensive manufacturing spreads wealth
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of FDI for an HIC?

A
  • rising unemployment, especially of unskilled workers
  • large gaps develop between skilled and unskilled workers
  • job losses are invariably concentrated in certain areas and certain industries
  • branch plants are particularly vulnerable
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of FDI for a NICs and LICs?

A
  • jobs tend to be concentrated in the core region of urban areas, leading to in-migration
  • TNC’s may be exploitative and establish sweatshops
  • overdependence on a narrow economic base can result
  • food supplies may be reduced as people give up agriculture
28
Q

What are free trade areas?

A
  • areas where members abolish tariffs and quotas on trade between member nations but restrict imports from non-member countries
29
Q

What are customs unions?

A
  • free trade between members and all members operate a common external tariff on imports from abroad
  • closer form of economic corporation
30
Q

What are common markets?

A
  • customs unions, which free trade in goods and services and allow free movement of people and capital
31
Q

What are economic unions?

A
  • groups of nations that allow free trade, free movement of people and capital and require members to have common policies on sectors of agriculture, industry and regional development
32
Q

What are export processing zones?

A
  • areas that offer incentives to foreign companies to develop export-oriented industries
33
Q

What are free trade zones?

A
  • areas where goods can be stores, manufactured and re-exported without custom duties (taxes)
34
Q

What is the frictional effect of distance/distance decay?

A
  • areas that are close together are usually more likely to interact with one another, whereas areas far apart are less likely to interact with one another

IB Geography (8 decks)

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