Unit 6 - chapters 20 and 21 Flashcards
Ch. 20 GR Unit 6 Study Guide
Define the modern political concept of nationalism
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What specific elements of the Vienna settlement (1815) were challenged by 19th century European nationalists? Describe the opposing nationalistic concept of “popular sovereignty”
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In what ways did the print culture and public education contribute to linguistic uniformity in European nations during the 19th century? How did such linguistic uniformity contribute to the spread of nationalistic sentiments?
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Briefly describe the various arguments and metaphors used by European nationalists to express their meaning of the concept of “nationhood”
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Identify the six major areas of Europe, and the specific national groups within each, that challenged the political status quo during the 19th century. How and why did they challenge the political situations within their regions?
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How did 19th century European conservatives view the concept of political liberalism?
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What was the historical foundation from which 19th century liberals derived their political ideas? What were the typical political goals of 19th century European liberals?
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Why were 19th century European conservatives typically suspicious of written constitutions?
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Who was most likely to have been a liberal in 19th century Europe?
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Although liberals wanted broader political participation why did they not advocate democracy?
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What were the typical economic goals of 19th century liberals?
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How did the varied social and political circumstances of European countries lead to differences in the specific programs of reform supported by liberals in Great Britain, France, and the German-speaking states?
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Why did most German liberals favor a united Germany, and who did they look to as the instrument of unification?
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Identify three ways in which the ideals of 19th century nationalism and liberalism were directly opposed to one another. In what way were the ideals of nationalism and liberalism compatible?
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What were the three major pillars of 19th century conservatism which established the alliance of “throne, land, and altar”? Why did these groups, which had frequently engaged in conflict during the 18th century, find reason to cooperate in the 19th?
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Why did each of the three pillars of 19th century conservatism feel that genuinely representative government could not be trusted in any form?
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How did Europe’s entry into an era of peace following the Napoleonic Wars (1815) confront the nation-states of Europe with new pressures and demands of their citizenry?
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Why were programs of liberalism and nationalism potentially more dangerous to Austria than to any other European nation-state?
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Why was Austria determined to prevent the newly formed German Confederation from evolving into a new, constitutional, German national state?
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Why did Prussian King Frederick William III renege of his promise to establish some sort of constitutional government in Prussia?
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What incident in 1819 provided Metternich with the opportunity to suppress the Burschenschaften and other potential institutions of liberalism within the Austrian dominated German Confederation? Describe the Carlsbad Decrees, which were undertaken by Metternich to achieve this.
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Following the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what actions were undertaken by the Tory ministry of Lord Liverpool to deal with problems of postwar dislocation and to protect the interests of the landed and other wealthy classes?
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As the policies of Lord Liverpool perpetuated the trend of abandonment by the British ruling class of its traditional role of paternalistic protector of the poor, how did the lower social orders react? How did the government respond to the response of the poor?
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What was the reason for the demonstration, held in the industrial north of England in August of 1819, which resulted in the Peterloo Massacre? Describe the Six Acts which were issued by the British government in response to the massacre.
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Why did France’s restored Bourbon monarch, King Louis XVIII, agree not to pursue the restoration of absolutism and instead become a constitutional monarch?
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Describe the government of France as established by the Charter- the constitution of the French restoration. In what ways did it incorporate achievements of the Revolution?
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Who, in the months after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo, carried out a White Terror against former revolutionaries and supporters of the deposed emperor? Why?
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Who were the ultraroyalists? How did the government of Louis XVIII respond to the assassination of the king’s nephew and son of the Count of Artois- the Duke of Berri- in February, 1820?
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What was the Concert of Europe? Who participated in it? What were its goals?
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Why did a group of army officers rebel against the government of Spain’s King Ferdinand VII in 1820? What did this Spanish Revolution of 1820 accomplish? How was the revolution ultimately suppressed in 1823?
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What did NOT happen in Spain in 1823 proved to be as important for the new post-Napoleonic international order as what did happen. What did NOT happen? How did this demonstrate that the implementation of the Congress System of the Vienna settlement was a resounding success?
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How did Britain’s foreign minister, George Canning, attempt to prevent the politics of European reaction from being extended to Spain’s colonies in Latin American- and, in the process, secure British access to Latin American trade?
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What was “the Eastern Question,” and what were the major concerns of each of the Great Powers in relation to this question?
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Why did the European Great Powers ultimately choose to support the cause of Greek independence?
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In what ways did the establishment of an independent Serbia in 1830 create tensions between Serbia and its neighbors? Why did the new Serbian nation-state attract Russia as its formal protector?
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Describe the many sources of Creole discontent with Spanish colonial government in Latin America. Which specific events in Europe created the imperial political vacuum throughout Spanish Latin America which provided both the opportunity and the necessity for action by Creole leaders?
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Which parts of Latin America were liberated by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar? How did they differ in terms of the form of political structure they supported for a post-revolution Latin America?
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Though the Mexican uprising in New Spain began as a liberal, even radical, movement, why in the end, did it come to illustrate better than in any other region of Latin American the socially conservative outcome of the Latin American colonial revolutions?
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What three factors account for the peaceful transition to independence for Brazil?
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Following the Latin American wars for independence, why did Latin American governments and businesses look to Britain for protection, for markets, and for capital investment?
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In the wake of Napoleon’s defeat, how did many Russian military officers come to develop liberal reformist sympathies? Describe the organizations which they formed upon returning home.
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Describe the succession crisis which unfolded in Russia following the unexpected death of Czar Alexander I in 1825? How did the succession crisis lead to the failed Decembrist Revolt of 1825? What did the Decembrists hope to achieve?
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Why did Czar Nicholas I consistently oppose reform in Russia, including calls for the abolition of serfdom?
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Describe the Official Nationality program supported by Nicholas I in place of reform, identifying the role of each of the three pillars of the program: “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism.”
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What events forced Nicholas I to issue the Organic Statue of February 1832, and how did it address the status of Poland within the Russian Empire?
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How did the beliefs and actions of France’s King Charles X, including his issue of the Four Ordinances in July 1830, serve to identify him as an ultraroyalist, conservative monarch?
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Why did the laboring populace of Paris rise in rebellion against the monarchy of Charles X in the July Revolution of 1830? What were the results of this uprising? How had the goals of the middle and working classes been different during this revolution/
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In what ways was the “July Monarchy” of King Louis Philippe more liberal than the restoration of government of the Bourbons?
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In what ways did the Revolution of 1830 prove to be socially conservative? Why did this social conservatism lead to continued turmoil in France, including the “July Days” in Paris in 1832- the uprising written about by Victor Hugo in his novel Les Miserables?
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Why did the Belgian (southern) provinces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rise in rebellion against Dutch rule? Why did the Great Powers of the Concert of Europe choose not to intervene to reverse the Belgian revolution? What did the Convention of 1839 guarantee?
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In Great Britain, what three factors contributed to the spirit accommodation between the forces of conservatism and liberalism?
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Why, in 1800, was Parliament persuaded to pass the Act of Union between Ireland and England? What limitation did the Act place on the political rights of Irish Catholics?
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How did the Irish nationalist Catholic Association, under the leadership of Daniel O’Connell, persuade Parliament to enact the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829? What rights did the Act grant to Irish Catholics?
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Why did Parliament agree to pass the Catholic Emancipation Act? Why did its passing alienate many Tory supporters of Wellington’s government, and how did it ultimately speed up the movement for Parliamentary reform?
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What were the two broad goals for Parliamentary reform of the Whig ministry of Earl Grey? In what ways did the Great Reform Act (Bill) of 1832 reform British politics? In what ways were the gains achieved by the Act, in reality, tempered? Why was the Act, overall, a great success?
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- Characteristics of Nationalism p. 658
Nation composed of people with bonds of language, culture, history
So they should have the same govt
- Nationalism’s conflict with principles of the Congress of Vienna p. 658
Vienna said monarchies, natlists said ethnicities
= poltcl unity
- Difficulties of Nationalism p. 659
who deserves to be a nation?
- Regions of 19th century nationalistic pressures
Ireland Prussia/Austria Italy Poland E. Europe Balkan states- se Europe
- Definitions of Liberals according to Conservatives p. 659
anybody who disagreed with conservatives
- Political goals of 19th century liberals p. 661
constitutional reforms/ rights for people REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND social leveling legal equality religious tolerance freedom of the press
- 19th century liberals and the origins of their ideas p. 661
enlightenment = political laissez-faire = economical
- Economic goals of 19th century liberals p. 661
Vs. Old system,
Labor= a commodity
- Major pillars of 19th century conservatism p. 662
throne, land, altar-
legit monarchs, aristocracy, established churches
- Klemens von Metternich p. 664
prince of austria- father of modern conservation
led the congress of austria vs. france and russia
- Burschenschaftens p. 665
in Germany, student nationalism/ liberalism groups, wanted GERMAN UNITY
were outlawed by Carlsbad Decrees
- The Spa Field Riots p. 668
liberal revolt in England 1816
results: suspension of habeas corpus
outlawed seditious (to change/ revolt) gatherings
- The Peterloo Massacre p. 668
manchester- conservative reaction to liberalism
troops killed 11
“peterloo” like “waterloo”
- The Six Acts p. 668
prevented radical leaders from agitating 1-forbade big unauthorized meetings 2- raised fines for seditious libel 3-sped up trial of poltcl agitators 4-increased newspaper taxes 5-no training of armed groups 6-local officials can search private homes
- Louis XVIII as monarch p. 669
agreed to be constitutional, but became corrupt
- Major Powers of Congress of Vienna p. 670
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia
- Concert of Europe p. 670
goal = to maintain power/ balance
international body
- Ferdinand VII’s rule after the fall of Napoleon p. 670
Napoleon’s brother- promised to rule with a written constitution
- Demands of the Treaty of London, 1827 p. 673
for Ottomans/ Russians to recognize Greece as independent
in 1830, declared Greece independent
- Spark of independence movements throughout Latin America p. 673
French Revolutionary wars/ Wars of the Napoleonic Era
- Toussaint L’ Overture impact on Latin American Independence p. 675
leader of the Haitian revolution vs. France
after success: authoritarian
governor for life
still friends with France
- Haitian slave rebellion p. 675
First successful revolt in Latin America vs. Europeans
- Tsar Alexander I and political reforms p. 678
understood Russia needed reform but didn’t-
suppressed liberalism/ nationalism
- Event that exposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers p. 678-9
went after Napoleon- exposed to Western Liberalism
- Tsar Alexander I and his successor p. 679
wanted to- but didn’t- abolish serfdom
didn’t address it
- The Northern and Southern Societies p. 679
liberal organizations for reform in Russia
South: abolishment of serfdom
North: constitutional monarchy- more moderate- to protect aristocracies
- Nicholas I views on serfdom p. 680
Evil, but unstoppable for now
- Uniqueness/ significance of the Decembrist Revolt p. 680
failed at goals, but:
was the first in Russia with specific political goals- to reorganize czar
- Russian Tsar and infringements upon other countries p. 680
poland- “king of poland”
- Four Ordinances p. 681
except question Russia after Decembrist revolt 1- restriction of freedom of press 2- dissolved representative assembly 3- limited franchise to wealthy 4- new elections
- Charles X and his domestic policies p. 681
divine right king
reactionary conservative policies vs. nationalistic reforms
- Facts about Louis Philippe pp. 681- 682
except question July monarchy July Rev. 1830 expanding in Algeria early constitutional reforms
- Great Reform Bill and its impact on the English electorate p. 683-5
expanded by 50%- more lower class votes = desire to revolt is lower than French
- Daniel O’Connell pp. 683-684
“Liberator”- irish spokesman for nationalism/ independence
Catholic emancipation
won parliament seats, but was denied to go
- Slogan of Tsar Nicholas p. 680
Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism
39.Great Britain and its support for independence in Latin America p. 686
why? all about trade/ economy
- Major events taking place in 1830
map started to formulate
independence: Greece, Belgium, Serbia
Polish- November uprising vs. Russia
July Revolution in France
- Where the Industrial Revolution encouraged Britain to invest in the early 19th century? p. 690
N/S america
- Population growth in Britain, France, and Germany by mid 19th century p. 690
More urbanization
- Impact on cities due to 19th century urbanization p 690
Police, prison reforms, etc
- Emancipation of Serfs in France, Prussia, Austria, Russia p. 690
France- (revolution) 1789
Prussia- 1815 (downfall of Napoleon)
Austria- 1848 with revolutions
Russia- 1861
- Causes and effects of the Irish Famine of 1845-49 p. 691- 693
extend to 1850’s
causes- blight, plantations + only 1 crop, Poor Laws, Catholic penal laws
effects- mass emigration to America, population dropped
1841: 8 million
1900: 4.5 million
- Results of railway improvements on consumer economy p. 691
Capital, not consumer goods
price of consumer goods goes up
- Limits of workers in the new labor marketplace p. 692
NO SAY in quality/ quantity/ market of products
could only agree or get fired
- Proletarianization p. 692
19th c wage labor force
- Chartist reform movement/ measures p. 694
British working class labor movement vs. new industry wanted to protect crafts/ wages peaceful at first 1st large scale- specific goals Luddites- violent pamphlet = People's Charter
- Purpose behind construction of the Crystal Palace p. 696
to show off new industry- also that industry is compatible with nature/ art
- Relationship between husbands and wives in early factories p. 697
foreman/ assistants
- English Factory Act of 1833 p. 697
not under age of 9- 9 hrs + 2 hrs of education from employers
- Work hours after 1847 p. 697
9
- Classes which experienced division of labor into gender specific roles p. 699
married women: domestic homemaker
single women: workforce
men: breadwinners
kids: assets
- Requirements of new jobs for women in textile factories p. 699
single, paid less, less skilled obs
- Women and employment in France (1850) p. 699
textile
- First organized police force p. 702
started in Paris 1828 ( london 1829)
- Trends of criminal activity in Europe p. 702
slow/ steady rise til 1860- because of police and prison reforms
- Reason British criminals sent to Australia
Transportation- cheaper than capital punishment
- The Auburn System & Philadelphia System p. 703
prison reforms borrowed from Americas- separating prisoners
attempt to reform people
- Classical Economists and economic growth p. 704
only way: free enterprise, capitalistic, laissez-faire
- Classical Economists and the roles of government p. 704
except question
open foreign trade markets, protect/ provide, infrastructure, tariffs
enforcement
- Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population and his views p. 704
Food supply = linear
Population = exponential
Malthusian catastrophe, crisis
Family planning is necessary
- David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and his views p. 704
Iron law of wages Wages go up = more kids More kids= more labor force More labor force = lower wages Lower wages= less kids Less laborers= wages rise
- Jeremy Bentham, and Utilitarianism p. 705
definition- greatest good for greatest # people
like Rousseau and Marx
- Utopian socialist movements p. 706
except question
St. Simonianism, Owenism ( New Lanark/ Harmony), Fourierism
- Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon p. 706
Utopian socialist
Father of Technocracy- wealth managed by experts
- Anarchists p. 707
Anti:
capitalism, gov’t, religion, industry
Blanquism: revolutionary vangard/ terror
Mutualism by Pierre Joseph Perdou- Ⓐ
- Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto p. 709
marx and Engels, major influence- CLASS CONFLICT, classless society is goal
- Sources of inspiration for the Communist Manifesto p. 709
Hegel, Utopian socialists, classical economists
- Regions of Revolutions of 1848 p. 710-720
France, Austrian empire, Italy, Germany
- makeup of revolutionaries in 1841 p. 710
3 types: liberals, urban workers, nationalists outside france
- Results of 1848- 49 revolutions p. 712
All got suppressed by conservatives
- Louis Philippe and his confrontations with the public p. 713
Banquets
February days- he resigns
- Origin of 1848 Revolutions p. 712
France
- Facts about French Revolution of 1848 p. 712-714
Banquets banned Guizot and Louis Philippe resigned Little Napoleon- his nephew elected Coup on 12-2-1851 200 died, 26,000 arrested, 10,000 exiled
- Feminist movements in revolutionary Europe p. 714
Vesuvians and voix de femmes
Radicals and moderates
Both shot down
- Regions of Revolution in Habsburg Empire in 1848 pp. 715-717
Austria, Hungary, Czech, n. Italy
- Actions of the Hungarians during the Magyar Revolt p. 716
March laws
Annexed Transylvania, Croatia, Serbia
Magyarization
- Split between German working class and German liberals p. 719
Frankfurt parliament
- Facts about Italian Revolution of 1848 p. 717-719
Milan, Piedmont, King Albert, radetzky, pope Pius IX
- Facts about German Revolution of 1848 p. 719-720
Berlin revolts, Fred will IV, kleindeutsch
Countries independent from Europe in Latin America
Haiti Argentina Paraguay Brazil- Uruguay Peru Colombia Mexico
Hottest spot for revolutions
Austrian empire
Protocol of Troppeau
Allowed stable countries to intervene with liberal revolts
Nature of admin of lord Liverpool
Tory ministry not prepared for postwar dislocation problems
Protected interests of the wealthy
The charter
Provided for hereditary monarchy
Bicameral legislature
Monarch appointed chambers of peers, deputies
