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AP Euro > Unit 2 GR > Flashcards

Unit 2 GR Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Groups that were proponents or allies of the reformation

A 
Guilds
Peasantry
Laity
Townspeople 
Village folk
Free imperial towns
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1
Q

Birthplace of the reformation

A

Germany and Switzerland

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2
Q

Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church

A

Spread of knowledge

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3
Q

Common goal of 13th-15th lay religious movements

A

New Testament model

Religious simplicity

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4
Q

Ideology of the brothers of the common life

A

Religious life outside formal vows

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5
Q

Imitation of Christ

A

Book that Thomas à Kempis wrote about the modern devotion

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6
Q

Martin Luther

A

Son of a miner

Parents wanted him to be a lawyer

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7
Q

Salvation according to the medieval church

A

Joint venture

Works+ grace of god

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8
Q

Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of indulgences

A 
To save souls
Johan Tetzel
Treasury if merit
Leo x + St. Peter's 
When a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs
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9
Q

95 theses

A

Against indulgences
10-31-1517
Humanists published it
Written in Latin

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10
Q

Literary works of Martin Luther

A

95 theses
address to the Christian nobility of the German nation
Babylonian captivity
Freedom of a Christian
Against the murderous and thieving hordes of peasants

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11
Q

Diet of worms

A

April 1521

Luther asked to recant

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12
Q

Martin Luther’s view on how salvation was achieved

A

Justification by faith alone

Belief= works= grace= salvation

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13
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555
Regional princely control
CUIUS REGIO, EIUS RELIGIO

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14
Q

Reaction to the German peasant revolt

A

Peasantry are the only ones that want it

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15
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A

1530

Charles v says to princes, stop this Protestant movement

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16
Q

Schmalkaldic league

A

Protestant defensive alliance

Mostly Lutheran

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17
Q

Leader of reformation in Zurich

A

Zwingli

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18
Q

Point of contention between Luther and Zwingli

A

Eucharist/ Transubstantiation
Luther: actual body
Zwingli: symbol of body

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19
Q

Anabaptists

A

Only adult baptism

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20
Q

John Calvin

A 
French
Geneva, Switzerland 
Set up theocracy 
Wrote Institutes of a Christian religion 
Believed in predestination
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21
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

Introduced by King Christian II

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22
Q

Religious significance of Magdeburg during the 16th century

A

Protestant refuge

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23
Q

Henry VIII

A

Tudor
Defender of faith
Wrote defense of 7 sacraments
Killed Wolsey after he talked to the pope

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24
Q

King’s great matter

A

He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn

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25
Q

Reformation parliament

A

1529-1536

Convication- the clergy gave up

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26
Q

Act of succession

A

1534

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27
Q

Act of uniformity

A

Book of common prayer

Cranmer

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28
Q

Act of supremacy

A

Monarch supreme head of church OF England

1534

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29
Q

Dissolution of monasteries

A

Also part of reformation parliament

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30
Q

Wives of Henry VIII

A 
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Katherine Howard
Catherine Parr
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31
Q

Tudor monarchs

A 
Henry VII 1485-1509
Henry VIII 1509-1547
Edward VI 1547-1553
Mary 1553-1558
Elizabeth 1558-1603
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32
Q

Six articles

A

Whip with 6 stings

Henry VIII is still catholic

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33
Q

Jesuits

A

During catholic counter-reformation

Self-mastery

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34
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

Established Jesuits

35
Q

Council of Trent

A 
1545-1563
Internal church discipline 
Ignored Protestants
Reaffirmation
Paul III started
36
Q

Protestants and the views on marriage

A

Clergy could get married

Divorce is ok

37
Q

Contributing factors of wet nursing

A

Husbands didn’t like it
Church forbade it
Social supremacy
Convenience/vanity

38
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

Don Quixote
No schooling
Rome, soldier, slave, fake accountant, prisoner, author
REALISM VS. IDEALISM

39
Q

William Shakespeare

A

Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, Othelo, hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear
King’s men
Very conservative/accepting
Tragedies, comedies, histories

40
Q

Baroque/ plain architectural styles

A

Fancy vs. plain

41
Q

Politiques and examples

A

Leaders that put political stability over religious unity
Ex: Elizabeth I, Henry IV
Nonex: Bloody Mary, Philip II, Oliver Cromwell

42
Q

Factors that led to Protestant Persecutions in France

A

1525 Francis I got captured, and his men killed Huguenots so that the captor guy would be sympathetic
1534 Affair of the Placards
Anti catholic placards were plastered all over Paris, then Huguenots got killed

43
Q

Competing families in France after death of Henry II

A

Bourbons,(CONDÉ)
Montmorency- Chatillons, (COLIGNY)
And Guises (FRANCIS)

44
Q

Characteristics and facts about French Protestants

A

2/5 aristocracy are Calvinists

1/15 of population

45
Q

Event which started the French wars of religion

A

1562
Massacre at Vassy
Duke of guise slaughtered Protestants when they were worshipping

46
Q

Effects of the peace of st-Germain-en-Laye

A

1570
It was just a truce
It let Protestants fortify towns

47
Q

Facts about st. Bartholomew’s day massacre

A 
August 24, 1572
Coligny slaughtered
3,000 (nobles)Huguenots in Paris killed
20-30,000 outside Paris 
Henry of Navarre spared
Before= civil war   Now= international conflict 
Massacre backfired on Catholics
48
Q

Characteristics/ facts about Henry IV of France

A

Was Henry of Nevarre was a Bourbon

Converted to Catholicism to be a politique

49
Q

Facts about the edict of Nantes

A

Ended French wars of religion
Declared Catholicism official religion of France by Henry IV
Created states of Huguenots within France
Turned hot war into a Cold War

50
Q

Key players of the French religious wars

A

Catherine de Medicis + sons: Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III
Henry II

51
Q

Climax of Spanish/English hostilities

A

May 30, 1588
Defeated Spanish Armada

Also same day as battle of the barricades in France

52
Q

Duration of Austrian branch’s holding of western and eastern Habsburg land

A

Into 19th century

1848

53
Q

Characteristics of Philip II

A 
Managed kingdom by pen/paper
Learned/ pious catholic
Used religion for political gain- refused compromise
Generous patron of the arts and culture
His son died in 1568
54
Q

Condition of Spanish economy in 16th and 17th centuries

A

Lack of actual goods in Spain itself

Inflation

55
Q

The compromise

A

1564
Solemn pledge to resist the decrees of the council of Trent
Netherlands against Spain now

56
Q

Philip II’s foreign policy and action during 1st half of reign
2nd half of reign too

A

1st 1/2: focused on Mediterranean
2nd 1/2: Western Europe and the Netherlands and England

The ottomans got defeated + don John

57
Q

Perpetual edict of 1577

A

Don John signed it
Removed all spanish troops from Netherlands w/in 20 days
Cave country to William of orange
Ended Philip II’s plans
Netherlands won’t ever be an hq for Spain to invade England

58
Q

Major area of resistance that prevented spanish world empire

A

Netherlands

59
Q

Successors of Edward VI of England

A

Lady jane grey
Mary
Elizabeth
James ( Mary, queen of scots’ kid)

60
Q

Facts about Mary and her reign

A

Totally catholic
Marian persecutions= Bloody Mary -287 Protestants died
Marries Philip II
England lost Calais- its last continental holding
Mary didn’t want Elizabeth to get the crown

61
Q

Religious extremist who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I

A

Jesuits, Spaniards, Mary of Scots, Presbyterians and Congregationalists

62
Q

Facts about the Elizabethan settlement

A

Compromise between Catholics and Protestants
Physical stuff for Catholics
The actual teachings/ message for Protestants
Gave her nickname “good queen bess”

63
Q

Thirty-nine articles

A

1563
Elizabeth Wanted only moderate Protestants - no extremists
Declared Protestantism the official religion of England
Made the Church of England an institution

64
Q

Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists

A

Puritans- wanted SIMPLE church
Presbyterians- wanted SEMI- autonomous congregations, they could teach how they wanted to
Congregationalists- wanted COMPLETE autonomy, they could teach what they wanted to

65
Q

Conventicle act

A

1593

Made it treasonous to be congregational

66
Q

Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England

A

The Spanish Netherlands- viewed as threat
Elizabeth was excommunicated
English pirating
St. Bartholomew’s day massacre (August 24, 1572)
Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585- gave Netherlands troops

67
Q

Reasons for pope Sixtus v’s support for Spain against England

A

The pope is catholic, like Spain

Duh

68
Q

Significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada

A 
It was a major Protestant victory
The beginning of the Spanish decline in power
Spain never again attacked Protestants
France is now the most powerful
England to begin world empire
69
Q

Preconditions of the thirty years’ war

A

Decentralized HRE- over 360 states
Religious division- peace of Augsburg
Calvinism and the palatinate- Frederick III + made it like Geneva
Maximilian of Bavaria- catholic hq

70
Q

Political situation of 16th century Germany

A 
Over 360 states and rulers
Split politically and economically
Was the center 
East and west 
Lutheran vs. Catholic AND Lutheran vs. Lutheran
71
Q

Significance of Bavaria to the 30 years’ war

A

Was like the catholic headquarters

72
Q

Ecclesiastical reservation

A

Prevented property from switching
Either catholic to Protestant
Or Protestant to catholic
Nobody followed this rule

73
Q

Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders

A

Center of trade routes

East and west both go there

74
Q

Significance of Heidelberg during the sixteenth century

A

It was like Geneva- a safe haven for Calvinists

75
Q

Defensive alliance of palatinate Calvinists

A

1609

England, Netherlands involved

76
Q

Religious population of HRE in 30 yrs’ war

A

Lutherans and Catholics legally recognized

Calvinists not recognized

77
Q

Place of outbreak of thirty years war

A

Prague

Defenestration of Prague

78
Q

Phases of the thirty years war

A

Bohemian period
Danish period
Swedish period
Swedish-French period

79
Q

Reason for beginning of thirty years war

A

Bohemian Protestants threw government officials out of a third story window
They wanted Ferdinand to hear them

80
Q

Actions of Ferdinand, King of Bavaria

A

Becomes HREmperor

Is deposed as king of Bavaria

81
Q

Edict of restitution - stage

A

1629
Re-institutes catholic holdings on any Lutheran land obtained after 1552
Very unrealistic
Was an alarm to Protestants-Catholics are taking over

82
Q

Battle of breitenfeld

A

1630
Turning point of war
Huge Protestant victory
Gustarus Adolphus II’s army was offensive and defensive

83
Q

Peace of Prague

A

1635

Germans say it’s over now

84
Q

Depopulation of Germany because of thirty years war

A

All the war is fought on HRE soil
People probably emigrated out
1/3 Germans were killed during the war

85
Q

Facts about the treaty of Westphalia

A 
1648
Ended thirty years war
Resented edict of restitution
Reaffirmed peace of Augsburg
Calvinism finally recognized
Swiss confederacy+ Netherlands finally gain independence
Bavaria is an elector state 
Austria and Brandenburg/Prussia become leading states of HRE

AP Euro (8 decks)

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