Unit 2 GR Flashcards
Groups that were proponents or allies of the reformation
Guilds Peasantry Laity Townspeople Village folk Free imperial towns
Birthplace of the reformation
Germany and Switzerland
Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church
Spread of knowledge
Common goal of 13th-15th lay religious movements
New Testament model
Religious simplicity
Ideology of the brothers of the common life
Religious life outside formal vows
Imitation of Christ
Book that Thomas à Kempis wrote about the modern devotion
Martin Luther
Son of a miner
Parents wanted him to be a lawyer
Salvation according to the medieval church
Joint venture
Works+ grace of god
Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of indulgences
To save souls Johan Tetzel Treasury if merit Leo x + St. Peter's When a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs
95 theses
Against indulgences
10-31-1517
Humanists published it
Written in Latin
Literary works of Martin Luther
95 theses
address to the Christian nobility of the German nation
Babylonian captivity
Freedom of a Christian
Against the murderous and thieving hordes of peasants
Diet of worms
April 1521
Luther asked to recant
Martin Luther’s view on how salvation was achieved
Justification by faith alone
Belief= works= grace= salvation
Peace of Augsburg
1555
Regional princely control
CUIUS REGIO, EIUS RELIGIO
Reaction to the German peasant revolt
Peasantry are the only ones that want it
Diet of Augsburg
1530
Charles v says to princes, stop this Protestant movement
Schmalkaldic league
Protestant defensive alliance
Mostly Lutheran
Leader of reformation in Zurich
Zwingli
Point of contention between Luther and Zwingli
Eucharist/ Transubstantiation
Luther: actual body
Zwingli: symbol of body
Anabaptists
Only adult baptism
John Calvin
French Geneva, Switzerland Set up theocracy Wrote Institutes of a Christian religion Believed in predestination
Lutheranism in Denmark
Introduced by King Christian II
Religious significance of Magdeburg during the 16th century
Protestant refuge
Henry VIII
Tudor
Defender of faith
Wrote defense of 7 sacraments
Killed Wolsey after he talked to the pope
King’s great matter
He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
Reformation parliament
1529-1536
Convication- the clergy gave up
Act of succession
1534
Act of uniformity
Book of common prayer
Cranmer
Act of supremacy
Monarch supreme head of church OF England
1534
Dissolution of monasteries
Also part of reformation parliament
Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Katherine Howard Catherine Parr
Tudor monarchs
Henry VII 1485-1509 Henry VIII 1509-1547 Edward VI 1547-1553 Mary 1553-1558 Elizabeth 1558-1603
Six articles
Whip with 6 stings
Henry VIII is still catholic
Jesuits
During catholic counter-reformation
Self-mastery
Ignatius of Loyola
Established Jesuits
Council of Trent
1545-1563 Internal church discipline Ignored Protestants Reaffirmation Paul III started
Protestants and the views on marriage
Clergy could get married
Divorce is ok
Contributing factors of wet nursing
Husbands didn’t like it
Church forbade it
Social supremacy
Convenience/vanity
Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote
No schooling
Rome, soldier, slave, fake accountant, prisoner, author
REALISM VS. IDEALISM
William Shakespeare
Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, Othelo, hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear
King’s men
Very conservative/accepting
Tragedies, comedies, histories
Baroque/ plain architectural styles
Fancy vs. plain
Politiques and examples
Leaders that put political stability over religious unity
Ex: Elizabeth I, Henry IV
Nonex: Bloody Mary, Philip II, Oliver Cromwell
Factors that led to Protestant Persecutions in France
1525 Francis I got captured, and his men killed Huguenots so that the captor guy would be sympathetic
1534 Affair of the Placards
Anti catholic placards were plastered all over Paris, then Huguenots got killed
Competing families in France after death of Henry II
Bourbons,(CONDÉ)
Montmorency- Chatillons, (COLIGNY)
And Guises (FRANCIS)
Characteristics and facts about French Protestants
2/5 aristocracy are Calvinists
1/15 of population
Event which started the French wars of religion
1562
Massacre at Vassy
Duke of guise slaughtered Protestants when they were worshipping
Effects of the peace of st-Germain-en-Laye
1570
It was just a truce
It let Protestants fortify towns
Facts about st. Bartholomew’s day massacre
August 24, 1572 Coligny slaughtered 3,000 (nobles)Huguenots in Paris killed 20-30,000 outside Paris Henry of Navarre spared Before= civil war Now= international conflict Massacre backfired on Catholics
Characteristics/ facts about Henry IV of France
Was Henry of Nevarre was a Bourbon
Converted to Catholicism to be a politique
Facts about the edict of Nantes
Ended French wars of religion
Declared Catholicism official religion of France by Henry IV
Created states of Huguenots within France
Turned hot war into a Cold War
Key players of the French religious wars
Catherine de Medicis + sons: Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III
Henry II
Climax of Spanish/English hostilities
May 30, 1588
Defeated Spanish Armada
Also same day as battle of the barricades in France
Duration of Austrian branch’s holding of western and eastern Habsburg land
Into 19th century
1848
Characteristics of Philip II
Managed kingdom by pen/paper Learned/ pious catholic Used religion for political gain- refused compromise Generous patron of the arts and culture His son died in 1568
Condition of Spanish economy in 16th and 17th centuries
Lack of actual goods in Spain itself
Inflation
The compromise
1564
Solemn pledge to resist the decrees of the council of Trent
Netherlands against Spain now
Philip II’s foreign policy and action during 1st half of reign
2nd half of reign too
1st 1/2: focused on Mediterranean
2nd 1/2: Western Europe and the Netherlands and England
The ottomans got defeated + don John
Perpetual edict of 1577
Don John signed it
Removed all spanish troops from Netherlands w/in 20 days
Cave country to William of orange
Ended Philip II’s plans
Netherlands won’t ever be an hq for Spain to invade England
Major area of resistance that prevented spanish world empire
Netherlands
Successors of Edward VI of England
Lady jane grey
Mary
Elizabeth
James ( Mary, queen of scots’ kid)
Facts about Mary and her reign
Totally catholic
Marian persecutions= Bloody Mary -287 Protestants died
Marries Philip II
England lost Calais- its last continental holding
Mary didn’t want Elizabeth to get the crown
Religious extremist who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I
Jesuits, Spaniards, Mary of Scots, Presbyterians and Congregationalists
Facts about the Elizabethan settlement
Compromise between Catholics and Protestants
Physical stuff for Catholics
The actual teachings/ message for Protestants
Gave her nickname “good queen bess”
Thirty-nine articles
1563
Elizabeth Wanted only moderate Protestants - no extremists
Declared Protestantism the official religion of England
Made the Church of England an institution
Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists
Puritans- wanted SIMPLE church
Presbyterians- wanted SEMI- autonomous congregations, they could teach how they wanted to
Congregationalists- wanted COMPLETE autonomy, they could teach what they wanted to
Conventicle act
1593
Made it treasonous to be congregational
Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England
The Spanish Netherlands- viewed as threat
Elizabeth was excommunicated
English pirating
St. Bartholomew’s day massacre (August 24, 1572)
Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585- gave Netherlands troops
Reasons for pope Sixtus v’s support for Spain against England
The pope is catholic, like Spain
Duh
Significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada
It was a major Protestant victory The beginning of the Spanish decline in power Spain never again attacked Protestants France is now the most powerful England to begin world empire
Preconditions of the thirty years’ war
Decentralized HRE- over 360 states
Religious division- peace of Augsburg
Calvinism and the palatinate- Frederick III + made it like Geneva
Maximilian of Bavaria- catholic hq
Political situation of 16th century Germany
Over 360 states and rulers Split politically and economically Was the center East and west Lutheran vs. Catholic AND Lutheran vs. Lutheran
Significance of Bavaria to the 30 years’ war
Was like the catholic headquarters
Ecclesiastical reservation
Prevented property from switching
Either catholic to Protestant
Or Protestant to catholic
Nobody followed this rule
Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders
Center of trade routes
East and west both go there
Significance of Heidelberg during the sixteenth century
It was like Geneva- a safe haven for Calvinists
Defensive alliance of palatinate Calvinists
1609
England, Netherlands involved
Religious population of HRE in 30 yrs’ war
Lutherans and Catholics legally recognized
Calvinists not recognized
Place of outbreak of thirty years war
Prague
Defenestration of Prague
Phases of the thirty years war
Bohemian period
Danish period
Swedish period
Swedish-French period
Reason for beginning of thirty years war
Bohemian Protestants threw government officials out of a third story window
They wanted Ferdinand to hear them
Actions of Ferdinand, King of Bavaria
Becomes HREmperor
Is deposed as king of Bavaria
Edict of restitution - stage
1629
Re-institutes catholic holdings on any Lutheran land obtained after 1552
Very unrealistic
Was an alarm to Protestants-Catholics are taking over
Battle of breitenfeld
1630
Turning point of war
Huge Protestant victory
Gustarus Adolphus II’s army was offensive and defensive
Peace of Prague
1635
Germans say it’s over now
Depopulation of Germany because of thirty years war
All the war is fought on HRE soil
People probably emigrated out
1/3 Germans were killed during the war
Facts about the treaty of Westphalia
1648 Ended thirty years war Resented edict of restitution Reaffirmed peace of Augsburg Calvinism finally recognized Swiss confederacy+ Netherlands finally gain independence Bavaria is an elector state Austria and Brandenburg/Prussia become leading states of HRE
