Unit 5 Study Guide Flashcards
Facts about the Compte Rendu
Jacques Necker wrote it for Louis XVI Was made public Had 3 ideas: Not pay debt to American Revolution Not pay pensions No need for taxing peasantry
Causes of the crisis leading up to the French Revolution
Louis XV- lost 7 yrs' war Renè Maupeou- abolished parlements Louis XVI + Marie Antoinette Then they are way in debt because of the American Revolution Famine+ bitterly cold winter
Makeup of the Estates General & reasons for its convening in 1789
1= clergy
2= nobles
3= bourgeoise
Peasantry
Urban workers
Louis XVI invited them to fix the financial crisisFinancial reforms of Charles Calonne
More free-trade enterprise/ less barriers
Lower taxes like Gabelle( tax on salt)
Transform the corveé from labor to $
Make the taille (land tax) universal
1st & 2nd Estates attempts to limit rights of 3rd Estate
3 proposals:
Voting by representatives
Voting by estates
Doubling the Third was another proposal
Grievances included as part of the cashiers de doleances
Similar, despite differences of classes
Govt waste, equitable taxation, wanted to meet regularly, hunting rights, church is corrupt, civic rights, freedoms of: speech, press, to gather, etc
ELIMINATION OF PRIVILEGE
Creation of the National Assembly
The 3rd estate was frustrated, knew that the estates General wasn’t working, and left to make the National Assembly on their own, but they also invited sympathetic 1st and 2nd estate members.
Facts about the Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly was locked out of their regular hangout, so they met on a Tennis Court, and vowed to:
Keep meeting until they drafted a constitution
Reasons for riots in winter of 1788 & spring of 1789
Food shortages, rising cost of grain
Famine of 88
Facts about and significance of the Storming of the Bastille
July 14,1789
60 people killed, angry crowd riots
The people need gunpowder
This was the STARTING EVENT of the French Revolution
The Great Fear
Food would be taken by nobles
Never actually happened, but that didn’t stop the people from attacking first
The Night of August 4th
First step: announcement that the Ancien Regime is over; Feudalism is abolished
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Liberty, Property, Security, Resistance to Oppression
Women excluded
Jean Paul Marat
l’ami du peuple
Rallies people, prints execution lists, killed by Charlotte Corday
The “October Days”
Fearsome fish ladies march to Versailles after Marat says that king’s party = trampling the tricolor
National Constituent Assembly and it’s preferred form of gov’t
Created from tennis court oath
Wanted constitutional monarchy
Characteristics & facts about the Constitution of 1791
Limited monarchical authority
Made Legislative Assembly
Active/ passive citizens:
50,000 out of 25 mil were eligible
Declaration of the Rights of Women
By Olympe de Gouges
wanted education, recognition as citizens
Said women were vital to revolution
Examples of economic reforms during the Reconstruction of France
Deregulation of trade
Metric system
Assignats( inflation- backfired)
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Placed French Catholic Church directly under state control Only 83 bishops now Clergy elected Created jurying and refractory clergy Huge blunder
Roman Catholic Church’s view of the Revolution
Pope Pius VI condemned it
Very opposed- duh- because of civil constitution of the clergy
Émigrés
Self-exiles during early revolution
Aristocracy, refractory clergy, and pro-royalists
Spread word of “French Plague”
Characteristics and facts about the Jacobins
Broad group- lead the LA
Included Montagnards and Girondists
Facts about the Sans Culottes and their goals and methods
Wanted relief of food shortages and social equality
Wanted a republic- like Rousseau
Crowd action
The September Massacres
France was getting beat on the warfront, so they have to make sure there are no domestic threats-
1200 people in prisons slaughtered
Challenges facing the French revolutionary gov’t by 1793
Monarchy, counter-revolutionary activities, religious divisions, economic crises, war, political factionalism
The Declaration of Pillnitz
Warning from Austria and Prussia saying that if the royal family got harmed in any way, they would intervene militarily
The National Convention and its actions
August 10th 1792- Storming of the Tuileries
First action was :September 21 1782- Declares France a REPUBLIC
Countries at war w/ France by 1793
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia
Edmund Burke’s view of the French Revolution
Said French didn’t know what they were doing
Predicted lots of problems
Dangerous/ not comparable to the American revolution
The Partitions of Poland
French ideals spread to Poland- Prussia and Russia tried to stop it
Polish went and fought for the French later
Levee en masse
Tried to involve EVERYBODY in the army somehow
Ways in which the French Republic attempted to achieve a “Republic of Virtue”
Repression of women
Dechristianization
Revolutionary tribunals
Values important to the Republic of Virtue
Terror is a necessary evil
Community over individual
Deism
Repression of women
The Committee of Public Safety and its purpose
12 members
To lead French Revolution, defend French Republic
Facts about the Reign of Terror
Tribunals for foreign and domestic threats
Led by Robespierre
GUILLOTINE was tool
20,000 killed
Law of 22 Prairial
Suspended due process so they could kill people faster.
Made the reign of terror now known as the great terror
Facts about Robespierre
Staunch republican
In charge of committee of public safety
Wanted to punish enemies
Created cult of the supreme being and the republic of virtue
Wanted religion to be rational, not supernatural
“Incorruptible”
Got guillotined
Results of the Thermidorian Reaction
Tempering of revolution
Started with robespierre’s death
Paris jacobin clubs were closed
Sans-culottes sidelined
“Bands of Jesus” and the White Terror
Tribunals against the sans- culottes
Purification
Women’s rights before and after the Revolution
Had more rights before than after
Facts about Napoleon Bonaparte
From Corsica
Climbed the social ladder through military
Major victory was Battle of Toulan- when he became a general
Was a jacobin - favored the revolution
1799- overthrew directory with abbé sieyes
Results of the Coup of 18 Brumaire
The council of 500 leaves, Napoleon becomes a consul
Treaty of Campo Formio
Austria now out of conflict, Napoleon gets Switzerland
The Battle at Abukir
1st major defat, traps Napoleon in Egypt.
Horatio Nelson kicks Napoleon’s butt
Ways in which Napoleon attempted to suppress foreign & domestic opposition
General amnesty, prefects, secret police, legion of honor, kidnaps duke of Enghien- a bourbon, concordat of 1801
Treaty of Luneville
Treaty of Amiens
The Concordat of 1801, facts, its purpose, and results:
Pope got to declare France officially catholic and Napoleon got:
All clergy resigned, loyal clergy appointed as state employees
Facts about the Napoleonic Code
Aka civil code of 1804 Standardized laws Abolished feudalism + primogenitor Stamped out notion of gender equality- males are supreme Forbade worker unions
Facts regarding Napoleon becoming the Emperor of France
Coup of 18 Brumaire/ coup of 18 fructidor
Was 1st consul, then consul for life
RATIFIED THROUGH PLEBISCITE on December 2nd 1804
Jacques Louis David painted it
The Battle of Trafalgar
Off Spanish coast
Nelson whips Napoleon’s butt but also dies
Napoleon has to give up any hope of beating the British on water
Prime Minister of Britain during the French Revolution
William Pitt the younger
Peace of Amiens
1802 Really just a truce between Britain and France
Napoleon’s early action to dispel tension and get stability
Napoleon’s victories in Central Europe
Vs. Austria- battle of Ulm
Vs. Austria and Russia- battle of Austerlitz
Vs. Prussia- battle of Jena
Vs. Russia- battle of Friedland
The Confederation of the Rhine and its significance
Created with treaty after the battle of Austerlitz, when Austria cleared out of Italy. End of HRE
1806
Treaty of Tilsit
Favorable to Russia
Russia becomes ally of Napoleon
Facts about the Continental System
Economic blockade - huge risk
Forbade allies of Napoleon from trading with Britain
Portugal not included
The 100 Days
Napoleon’s return from Elba
Napoleon’s wives
Josephine- didn’t produce an heir- got mansion and $
Marie Louise- daughter of Austrian Francis I (aka Francis II when he ruled HRE)
Napoleon and his family as rulers
Only trusted his family- appointed brothers and sisters as rulers of his vast territory
Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles - his son - became the King of Rome
Napoleon’s brothers rule in the kingdom of Westphalia
Constitutionally
DONT WORRY ABOUT THIS QUESTION
Prussia’s response to Napoleon’s Empire
NATIONALISM constitutional monarchy Abolished serfdom 42,000 soldiers deal Led to >270,000 troops
Facts about Napoleon’s Peninsular Campaign
Spain sends Sir Arthur Wellesley (aka Duke of Wellington)- guerrilla warfare
Napoleon becomes weak
Facts about Napoleon’s Russian Campaign
> 600,000 troops into Russia, only about 97,000 come back
Scorched Earth - Moscow also lit on fire
Battle of Borodino- deadlock
Winter took tons of soldiers on their retreat
The Battle of Nations
Aka battle of Liebsik
Major defeat for Napoleon
He abdicates - for the first time, and goes to Elba
Facts about the Congress of Vienna
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia
The Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon vs. (Prussian) Blucher and (British) Wellington
His final military engagement
Exiled to St. Helena
Results of the Treaty of Chaumont
Ended Napoleon’s reign
DONT WORRY ABOUT THIS QUESTION
Kingdom of the Netherlands and other territorial adjustments after Congress of Vienna
Buffer zones
Confederation of the Rhine is more independent, goes to Prussia, becomes Germany
Genoa now belongs to Sardinia
North Italy goes to Austria
Central characteristics and facts of Romantic Movement
Reaction to enlightenment, deism, and rational thought
Emotion/feeling= important
Inspiration was Middle Ages
Sterm und drang - storm and stress, German prototype movement
To revive art, literature, architecture
TO SUPPLEMENT REASON/ enlightenment WITH IMAGINATION
Art, literature, and architecture of the Romantics
Focused on middle ages
Contributions of Rousseau on the Romantic Movement esp. literature
Émile
Life can be good outside of society
Kids should learn by trial and error
Women are weak
Immanuel Kant contributions to Romanticism
Critique of pure reason
Critique of practical reason
Phenomenal/ pnumonal worlds
Categorical imperative
(English) Coleridge (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
Rime of the Ancient Mariner
With Wordsworth- lyrical ballads
(English) Wordsworth (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
With Coleridge- lyrical ballads
Ode on Intimations of immortality
(English) Lord Byron (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
Don Juan
(German) Tieck (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
William Lovell
(German) Schlegel (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
Lucinde
(German) Goethe (writer) ‘s contributions to Romanticism
The sorrows of young werther
Masterpiece = FAUST- 2 parts
Facts/characteristics of Romantic artist Constable
Hay wain
Salisbury cathedral from the meadows
Facts/characteristics of Romantic artist William Turner
Rain, speed, steam
Fighting temeraire
Facts/characteristics of Romantic artist Caspar David Friedrich
Polar sea
Wanderer above the sea of fog
Man, woman, and moon painting
Romantic/Neo-Gothic architecture characteristics and notable monuments/ buildings
Absence of pillars/ arches/ domes Busy piers/ steeples/ buttresses Monotone British Houses of Parliament Neuschwanstein castle
Facts regarding Methodism
Anti-deist
Reaction to enlightened ideals and Church of England
Leader : John Wesley
The Genius of Christianity
By chateaubriand
Disapproved revolution
Said faith= emotion/ passion
Johann Herder’s contributions to Romanticism and German culture
Sparked enlightenment resistance
Explained nature with German culture and history
Hegel, his views on the conflict of ideas and his contributions to the study of History
Thesis: ideas/ events that develop from dominant set if ideas
Anti-thesis: challenge thesis, conflicting set of ideals
Synthesis: new set of ideas
