Unit 4 Flashcards
Chapter 15 - 17 Study Guide Pre-Industrial Society Guided Reading Urbanization and the Growth of Cities GR The Enlightenment and Religion GR Women and the Enlightenment GR
P. 480
Description of the “Old Regime”
Old traditions
Nobles and peasants wanted traditional/manorial rights
Hierarchical structure of society
Community rights
Church, aristocracy, then everybody else
P. 482
Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c.
Gained position by birthright
1-5 % of population, but wealthiest sector, most power
Great Britain: most innovative
P. 484
Facts/characteristics of French nobility
Nobles of the sword/robe
Hobereaux
P. 484-5
Features about the nobility of Europe
Streltsy: Russian military rulers Junkers: Prussian Boyars: Russian Peter the Great made Table of Ranks Catherine the Great- charter of nobility ( volunteer service )
P. 485
Aristocratic Resurgance
Nobility’s reaction to threat of their power; the monarchies
P. 485
Economic basis of 18th century life
- Land
Read more on pg. 449 in the textbook with Napoleon on the cover if you need to - Grain production
P. 487
Facts of English game laws
Landowners had the exclusive right to hunt, leads to poachers
Like what Katniss does in the Hunger Games, she hunts, then sells food in a black market.
1831- parliament says other people can hunt, but the animals belong to the landowners
P. 488-9
Family economy characteristics
Household = basic unit of production/consumption
NW vs. E Europe households- read more on pg. 451-2 in Napoleon textbook
P. 492
Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe
To manage finances
Establish/maintain household
Main concern = earning enough money/ producing enough farm goods to ensure an adequate food supply
MAKING MONEY TO SUPPORT HUSBAND AND HOUSEHOLD
P. 492-3
Characteristics about children in 18th c
Not always welcome, could end up in a foundling hospital
New interest, however, arose in educating them, often through the church
Literacy rates rose
Reared to help parents’ economy, then set up their own households
P. 493
Bread prices during 18th c
Slowly but steadily rose
P. 494
Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution
Built dikes, drained land- polders
Experimented with clover/turnips
Cultivated sandy soil with fertilizers
P. 497
Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impacts
Potato
More certain food supply- enabled population to grow
One acre could feed a family for a year
(Maize also introduced)
P. 493
Innovations and contributors of the agricultural revolution
Jethro Tull- seed drill and iron plow
Charles “Turnip” Townshend- crop rotation
Robert Bakewell- selective animal breeding
P. 496
Open field system
Open field system:
Only used about half of the arable land
The community decided what would grow
2-3 fields that were unconnected
P. 498-99
Causes, effects and characteristics of 18th c consumer revolution
disposable income, increased conscientious fashion, social mobility in England, demand for goods, marketing, Josiah Wedgwood
P. 499
Industry which pioneered the industrial revolution
Textile
P. 500
Water frame
1769 by Richard Arkwright
Allowed pure fabric production
Powered by water, so it was by rivers
P. 500
Spinning jenny
1765 by James Hargreaves
Made 16 units of thread, instead of just one like before
Then in 1800, 120 could be made at the same time
P. 500
Flying shuttle
1730s by John Kay
Increased productivity of the weavers
Bottleneck of fast weaving, but not thread-making
P. 500
The power loom
1780s by Edmund Cartwright
Increased weaving production
P. 501
Uses of steam engine
Pumping out mines
Transportation
Agriculture
Construction/destruction
P. 501
Impact of steam engine
Revolutionized transportation
Permitted industrialization to grow
Steady, unlimited power supply
P. 501
Inventors of steam engine
1700 by Thomas Newcomen To pump out mines Very inefficient 1769 by James Watt To run textile machinery Watt, Boulton, Wilkinson
P. 501-2
Henry Cort and Iron production during the 18th c
Introduced a new puddling process
(Stirring/melting iron ore)
Made purer iron
Shaped iron into molds too
P. 500
(Domestic) Putting-out system of textile production
Agents of merchants did all the dirty work
They took wool to the spinners’ houses, then thread to the weavers’, then cloth to the seamstresses.
Then the merchant sold it.
Inefficient
P. 497
Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution
Raw resources (iron ore/coal) Colonies London Politically stable Social mobility Economic free trade
P. 502-4
Impact of agricultural and industrial revolutions on women
Their jobs weren’t needed anymore
P. 508
Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c
Not: Spain, France, Russia
In: Netherlands, Poland
P. 516-17
Stages of European contact with the rest of the world since the renaissance
1- discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement
2- mercantilism
3- imperialism
4- decolonization
P. 517
Factors that allowed European nations to dominate the rest of the world
Technological supremacy
Naval power
Gunpowder
P. 516
Fundamental institution present during 1st 2 periods of European imperialism in the new world
Slavery, the manpower of mercantilism
P. 517
Main rivals during the era of colonization
Spain, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent, the Netherlands
P. 517-18
Description of mercantilism
The economic theory which holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon the nation’s supply of capital.
More exports, less imports
Gold and silver bullion
P. 518
Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism
The colonies are to preserve resources for the home country.
The colonies do all the work, so the home country can grow prosperous and export lots of materials.
P. 523
‘Peninsulares’
Spanish colonists born on peninsula of Spain
Given privileges/ rights in the colonies
P. 519
Purpose of the Spanish empire until mid 18th c
To raise economy in mother country
To provide capital resources
P. 523
Creole
Born in Spanish colonies
Considered lesser citizens
Not as many privileges as peninsulares
P. 532
Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c among great nations
1- colonial territories
2- central/Eastern Europe (HRE)
P. 496
Enclosure Movement
Nobles that owned land passed acts
Was more efficient
Consolidated unconnected strips of land
Commercialized agriculture
P. 532
Cause and purpose and significance of War of Jenkins’ Ear
Some Spanish police guys boarded Jenkins’ ship, which had “stolen goods” and then they cut off his ear. He then took his freaky ear back to Parliament, and Walpole reluctantly agreed to fight Spain.
It dissolved treaties, and started lots of conflicts. It led to the War of Austrian Succession.
P. 533-34
Alliances and significance of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Britain + Prussia vs. France + Austria
All the alliances are different than in the War of Austrian Succession
P. 534-35
Biggest victors of the Seven Years’ War
Britain and Prussia
P. 536
Purpose of the Stamp Act
Money was supposed to stay in America, but the colonists thought that was a bunch of bull, so they formed the Stamp Act Congress
P. 537
Characteristics of the Intolerable Acts
Politics were reorganized
British troops were quartered in private homes
P. 537
“Common Sense”
Pamphlet by Thomas Paine
Galvanized American support for separation
P. 541
Results/outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights, and society
Not equal rights
In South, slavery was enhanced
P. 536-37
Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them
No taxation without representation
Self governance / popular sovereignty
P. 537-538
Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon
The Glorious Revolution
Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
The Commonwealthmen + Cato’s Letters
P. 552
Two most important (people and) influences in Enlightenment
- Isaac Newton- Newtonian worldview
- John Locke- Tabula Rasa
- Great Britain- limited monarchical power
- Print culture
P. 552
Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to the Enlightenment
Glorious revolution + bill of rights
Domestic/religious/political/economical stability
P. 554
Public opinion
Created by print culture
Creates a more informed people
P. 553
Print culture
Increase in printed materials
Especially novels
But also: newspapers, encyclopedias, pamphlets, journals
P. 557
Voltaire’s views and literary works on Britain
They were advanced : politically, socially, etc
Wrote Letters on the English
P. 557-8
Voltaire’s literary works and their subject matters
Letters on the English- gov’t of English
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton- popularized Newton
Candide- sarcastic optimistic views
P. 558
Philosophes criticism of Christian church
Original sin: causes no improvement
Intolerance: root of wars
Assumed major role in politics
Focused on life AFTER
P. 559
Major points of the Deists Creed
1- there is a God
2- there is life after death
P. 561
‘Ethics’
Spinoza wrote it
Was pretty extreme, radical, and banned.
Said God and Nature were the same thing
Spinoza was then considered a martyr by other Philosophes
P. 561
Moses Mendelsohn
aka Jewish Socrates, Father of reformed Judaism
Said Jews should assimilate uniquely
P. 562
Pascal’s view of Islam
Dangerous
Promiscuous-polygamy
P. 564
Editors, contributors, topics/themes and effects of ‘the encyclopedia’
Diderot and d’Alembert
100+ authors
To probe the life on earth
Spread enlightenment ideals farther than any other single work
P. 564-5
‘On crimes and punishments’
By Becarria
To reform criminals, not just automatically kill them
Popular= rational law
Penal systems shouldn’t play the role of god
Utilitarian GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER
P. 566
Adam Smith and views on Mercantilism
Encouraged abolishment of mercantilism
Wanted laissez-faire enterprise