Unit 4 Flashcards
Chapter 15 - 17 Study Guide Pre-Industrial Society Guided Reading Urbanization and the Growth of Cities GR The Enlightenment and Religion GR Women and the Enlightenment GR
P. 480
Description of the “Old Regime”
Old traditions
Nobles and peasants wanted traditional/manorial rights
Hierarchical structure of society
Community rights
Church, aristocracy, then everybody else
P. 482
Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c.
Gained position by birthright
1-5 % of population, but wealthiest sector, most power
Great Britain: most innovative
P. 484
Facts/characteristics of French nobility
Nobles of the sword/robe
Hobereaux
P. 484-5
Features about the nobility of Europe
Streltsy: Russian military rulers Junkers: Prussian Boyars: Russian Peter the Great made Table of Ranks Catherine the Great- charter of nobility ( volunteer service )
P. 485
Aristocratic Resurgance
Nobility’s reaction to threat of their power; the monarchies
P. 485
Economic basis of 18th century life
- Land
Read more on pg. 449 in the textbook with Napoleon on the cover if you need to - Grain production
P. 487
Facts of English game laws
Landowners had the exclusive right to hunt, leads to poachers
Like what Katniss does in the Hunger Games, she hunts, then sells food in a black market.
1831- parliament says other people can hunt, but the animals belong to the landowners
P. 488-9
Family economy characteristics
Household = basic unit of production/consumption
NW vs. E Europe households- read more on pg. 451-2 in Napoleon textbook
P. 492
Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe
To manage finances
Establish/maintain household
Main concern = earning enough money/ producing enough farm goods to ensure an adequate food supply
MAKING MONEY TO SUPPORT HUSBAND AND HOUSEHOLD
P. 492-3
Characteristics about children in 18th c
Not always welcome, could end up in a foundling hospital
New interest, however, arose in educating them, often through the church
Literacy rates rose
Reared to help parents’ economy, then set up their own households
P. 493
Bread prices during 18th c
Slowly but steadily rose
P. 494
Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution
Built dikes, drained land- polders
Experimented with clover/turnips
Cultivated sandy soil with fertilizers
P. 497
Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impacts
Potato
More certain food supply- enabled population to grow
One acre could feed a family for a year
(Maize also introduced)
P. 493
Innovations and contributors of the agricultural revolution
Jethro Tull- seed drill and iron plow
Charles “Turnip” Townshend- crop rotation
Robert Bakewell- selective animal breeding
P. 496
Open field system
Open field system:
Only used about half of the arable land
The community decided what would grow
2-3 fields that were unconnected
P. 498-99
Causes, effects and characteristics of 18th c consumer revolution
disposable income, increased conscientious fashion, social mobility in England, demand for goods, marketing, Josiah Wedgwood
P. 499
Industry which pioneered the industrial revolution
Textile
P. 500
Water frame
1769 by Richard Arkwright
Allowed pure fabric production
Powered by water, so it was by rivers
P. 500
Spinning jenny
1765 by James Hargreaves
Made 16 units of thread, instead of just one like before
Then in 1800, 120 could be made at the same time
P. 500
Flying shuttle
1730s by John Kay
Increased productivity of the weavers
Bottleneck of fast weaving, but not thread-making
P. 500
The power loom
1780s by Edmund Cartwright
Increased weaving production
P. 501
Uses of steam engine
Pumping out mines
Transportation
Agriculture
Construction/destruction
P. 501
Impact of steam engine
Revolutionized transportation
Permitted industrialization to grow
Steady, unlimited power supply
P. 501
Inventors of steam engine
1700 by Thomas Newcomen To pump out mines Very inefficient 1769 by James Watt To run textile machinery Watt, Boulton, Wilkinson
P. 501-2
Henry Cort and Iron production during the 18th c
Introduced a new puddling process
(Stirring/melting iron ore)
Made purer iron
Shaped iron into molds too
P. 500
(Domestic) Putting-out system of textile production
Agents of merchants did all the dirty work
They took wool to the spinners’ houses, then thread to the weavers’, then cloth to the seamstresses.
Then the merchant sold it.
Inefficient
P. 497
Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution
Raw resources (iron ore/coal) Colonies London Politically stable Social mobility Economic free trade
P. 502-4
Impact of agricultural and industrial revolutions on women
Their jobs weren’t needed anymore
P. 508
Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c
Not: Spain, France, Russia
In: Netherlands, Poland
P. 516-17
Stages of European contact with the rest of the world since the renaissance
1- discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement
2- mercantilism
3- imperialism
4- decolonization
P. 517
Factors that allowed European nations to dominate the rest of the world
Technological supremacy
Naval power
Gunpowder
P. 516
Fundamental institution present during 1st 2 periods of European imperialism in the new world
Slavery, the manpower of mercantilism
P. 517
Main rivals during the era of colonization
Spain, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent, the Netherlands
P. 517-18
Description of mercantilism
The economic theory which holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon the nation’s supply of capital.
More exports, less imports
Gold and silver bullion
P. 518
Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism
The colonies are to preserve resources for the home country.
The colonies do all the work, so the home country can grow prosperous and export lots of materials.
P. 523
‘Peninsulares’
Spanish colonists born on peninsula of Spain
Given privileges/ rights in the colonies
P. 519
Purpose of the Spanish empire until mid 18th c
To raise economy in mother country
To provide capital resources
P. 523
Creole
Born in Spanish colonies
Considered lesser citizens
Not as many privileges as peninsulares
P. 532
Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c among great nations
1- colonial territories
2- central/Eastern Europe (HRE)
P. 496
Enclosure Movement
Nobles that owned land passed acts
Was more efficient
Consolidated unconnected strips of land
Commercialized agriculture
P. 532
Cause and purpose and significance of War of Jenkins’ Ear
Some Spanish police guys boarded Jenkins’ ship, which had “stolen goods” and then they cut off his ear. He then took his freaky ear back to Parliament, and Walpole reluctantly agreed to fight Spain.
It dissolved treaties, and started lots of conflicts. It led to the War of Austrian Succession.
P. 533-34
Alliances and significance of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Britain + Prussia vs. France + Austria
All the alliances are different than in the War of Austrian Succession
P. 534-35
Biggest victors of the Seven Years’ War
Britain and Prussia
P. 536
Purpose of the Stamp Act
Money was supposed to stay in America, but the colonists thought that was a bunch of bull, so they formed the Stamp Act Congress
P. 537
Characteristics of the Intolerable Acts
Politics were reorganized
British troops were quartered in private homes
P. 537
“Common Sense”
Pamphlet by Thomas Paine
Galvanized American support for separation
P. 541
Results/outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights, and society
Not equal rights
In South, slavery was enhanced
P. 536-37
Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them
No taxation without representation
Self governance / popular sovereignty
P. 537-538
Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon
The Glorious Revolution
Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
The Commonwealthmen + Cato’s Letters
P. 552
Two most important (people and) influences in Enlightenment
- Isaac Newton- Newtonian worldview
- John Locke- Tabula Rasa
- Great Britain- limited monarchical power
- Print culture
P. 552
Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to the Enlightenment
Glorious revolution + bill of rights
Domestic/religious/political/economical stability
P. 554
Public opinion
Created by print culture
Creates a more informed people
P. 553
Print culture
Increase in printed materials
Especially novels
But also: newspapers, encyclopedias, pamphlets, journals
P. 557
Voltaire’s views and literary works on Britain
They were advanced : politically, socially, etc
Wrote Letters on the English
P. 557-8
Voltaire’s literary works and their subject matters
Letters on the English- gov’t of English
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton- popularized Newton
Candide- sarcastic optimistic views
P. 558
Philosophes criticism of Christian church
Original sin: causes no improvement
Intolerance: root of wars
Assumed major role in politics
Focused on life AFTER
P. 559
Major points of the Deists Creed
1- there is a God
2- there is life after death
P. 561
‘Ethics’
Spinoza wrote it
Was pretty extreme, radical, and banned.
Said God and Nature were the same thing
Spinoza was then considered a martyr by other Philosophes
P. 561
Moses Mendelsohn
aka Jewish Socrates, Father of reformed Judaism
Said Jews should assimilate uniquely
P. 562
Pascal’s view of Islam
Dangerous
Promiscuous-polygamy
P. 564
Editors, contributors, topics/themes and effects of ‘the encyclopedia’
Diderot and d’Alembert
100+ authors
To probe the life on earth
Spread enlightenment ideals farther than any other single work
P. 564-5
‘On crimes and punishments’
By Becarria
To reform criminals, not just automatically kill them
Popular= rational law
Penal systems shouldn’t play the role of god
Utilitarian GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER
P. 566
Adam Smith and views on Mercantilism
Encouraged abolishment of mercantilism
Wanted laissez-faire enterprise
P. 566
‘The Wealth of Nations’
By Adam Smith
Laissez-faire economics
“ we need to unleash the monster”
P. 566
Role and purpose of gov’t according to Adam Smith
Said gov’t should provide infrastructure/
protect property/
open foreign markets if an individual can’t
P. 566
Adam Smith’s four-stage theory
1- Hunter/gatherer
2- pastoral herding
3- agriculture
4- commercial
P. 566
Laissez-faire economics
Adam Smith
Hands-off enterprise
P. 555-6
Beliefs of physiocrats
Current economic system; mercantilism, is bad
P. 568
Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism versus community
People = selfish, evil because of uneven distribution of property
Anti-women: inferior, specific social/ domestic roles
COMMUNITY OVER INDIVIDUAL
P. 569
Injustices as grounds for criticism of imperialism from Enlightenment thinkers
Conquest,
Treatment of: Native American Indians, African slaves
P. 571
Views of Herder
Cultural Relativism
Goal of any society should be: understanding, not conquering/destroying other cultures
P. 567
Montesquieu’s literary works, views on government, England, preferred government for France, etc.
Wrote Spirit of the Laws
SEPARATION OF POWERS- constitutional monarchy
P. 573
Philosophes views on women
They weren’t feminists in general
Wasn’t really a huge concern for most of them
Some ( like Rousseau) were really against women advancing in society
P. 575
Characteristics, themes, examples and major artists of neoclassical art
Embodied models of ancient/ Renaissance/ humanistic/ classical Secular Jacques Louis David = giant of Neoclassical art French Revolution- type art Was didactic (somber/serious)
P. 575
Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of rococo art
Preceded Neoclassical art
Accepted by French aristocracy- was playful/ soft/ lavish
Louis XV liked it
The Imperial Art Hall in Bavaria had the most Rococo art
P. 580
Enlightened absolutism under Frederick the great and self-proclaimed title
Promotion through Merit
Religious Toleration
Codification of Prussian law
Called himself “the first servant of the State”
P. 586
Enlightened absolutism under Catherine the great
Befriended nobles/Philosophes
Wanted to revise law/gov’t of Russia with popular support, but the big council she got together wanted an autocratical monarchy, and she was absolutist. So she made reforms on her own authority. She improved the economy and expanded Russia’s territory
P. 580-89
Absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the Enlightenment
Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great
P. 584
Joseph II of Austria and social reforms
Authority over regions
Catholic Church + religious toleration
Trade barriers, serfs
P. 587
Catherine the great of Russia and the nobility
Friends, but then they didn’t really change anything because she wanted to remain absolutist. She then gave them power with the Charter of the Nobility
P. 587
Catherine the great’s territorial aspirations and conquests
Warm-water ports = war with Turks
Got Danube River ports, and Black Sea outlet, and Crimea.
Later gave up Danube River ports for part of Poland
P. 588
Results of the first partition of Poland
Poland was divided between:
- Russia: area with 2 million inhabitants
- Prussia: connected its two areas (east Prussia and Prussia proper)
- Austria: Galicia, S. Poland, salt mines, 2.5 million people
Facts about Gotthold Lessing
Author of play (Nathan the Wise= main character, quoted Moses Mendelsohn), about religious toleration
Was critical of the way Christians treated non- Christians
Identify the four social levels of Europe’s prerevolutionary old regime
1- aristocratic elites
2- established churches
3- an urban labor force
4- A rural peasantry
Why did Nobles and peasants each call for the restoration of traditional, or customary, rights in pre-Revolutionary Europe?
Nobles wanted “ancient rights” against the intrusion of monarchical bureaucracies
Peasants wanted “customary manorial rights”, that allowed them access to particular lands, courts, or grievance procedures
What was the most important fact of life for most of the population, and the greatest concern for governments, in preindustrial Europe and why?
The quality and quantity of the grain harvest
The economy was based on agriculture
What type of rights and privileges to 18th-century Europeans enjoy? Identify specific examples.
Community-based rights
Churches, guilds, universities were communities
-if you were a member of the guild community, you have the right to print a book or whatever your guild does-
Describe the aristocracy of 18th-century Europe
They were only 1 to 5% of the population, but they were the wealthiest group. They had the most power, and they set the tone of polite society. Most had a separate house in: Parliament, Estate, Diet. Most of their income came from the land. In England and France, they embraced the “commercial spirit”, and weren’t idle.
In what ways was the British nobility unique compared to the nobility of the rest of Europe?
- Smallest/wealthiest (400 families)
- They controlled the House of Lords and the House of Commons
- Owned 1/4 of the arable land
- They invested their wealth in commerce
- Their country houses where the centers of local society
What differentiated”nobles of the sword” from “nobles of the robe” in prerevolutionary France? Who were the hobereaux?
Nobles of the sword gained nobility from military service
Nobles of the robe served in bureaucracy or purchased their titles
Hobereaux were provincial nobility, and not much better than peasants
Identify the names used to identify the nobility in Poland, Prussia, and Russia and describe their respective privileges
Poland= szlachta, exempt from taxes after 1741
Possessed right of life/death over serfs until 1768
Prussia= Junkers, whose power grew after 1740
Because war required their full support
Russia= nobles from the Table of Ranks, who resisted compulsory
State service
Could transmit noble status to wife + kids
Judicial protection of rights/ property
Considerable power over serfs
Exemption from personal taxes
Identify and explain the four ways by which the European aristocracy attempted to reassert their social position and privilege against the expanding power of absolute monarchies during the aristocratic resurgence of the 18th century
1- tried to preserve exclusiveness by making it hard to become a noble
2- pushed to reserve appointment to the officer corps of the armies, senior posts in the bureaucracy / government ministry, upper ranks of church exclusively for Nobles
3- tried to use: Parliament, French courts (parlements), estates/diets of Germany and the Habsburgs against the Monarch
4- get more money by being exempt from taxes/ collected higher rent or dues from peasantry
How did the social status and condition of the peasantry of pre-revolution Europe change when moving across the continent from West to east- from Britain to Russia?
Best to worst
Highest to lowest
Most freedom to least freedom
Define the following: banalities? seigneur? corvée? robot?
Banalities: certain feudal dues required by use-for-payment of grain mills
Seigneur: lord who has a grain mill
Corvée: practice of forced labor determined by a seigneur
Robot: service (to the lords) required by law
What were the general causes behind peasant revolts of the 18th century, such as Pugachev’s Rebellion in Russia? Why were such revolts generally considered conservative in nature?
The government gave the lords power over the serfs in exchange for cooperation. In Pugachev’s Rebellion, Emelyan Pugachev promised serfs their own land and freedom
Rebels sought to reestablish traditional rights
Describe the English game laws. What was their purpose? How did the game laws lead to poaching? How and why were the game laws ultimately altered in 1831?
Only Nobles could hunt hares and fowl. It’s like in the hunger games, when Katniss needs food, so she poaches animals. People poached animals and then sold them in a black market.
In 1831, Parliament said landowners owned the game, but other people could hunt it.
Describe the function of the family economy. How was it organized? Who participated in it, and in what ways?
It was the basic unit of production or consumption. Everybody had a home with other people, and everyone in the house worked, nobody was idle. The father and older kids were harvesters, or laborers. If the father was a migrant worker, the wife and kids worked the farm. If they lived in the city: father was chief artisan, eldest child was the next in line for the business, so they were trained to run it, and the wife sold wares or operated the shop.
What was the function of women in the pre-industrial European family economy? Distinguish between the functions of an unmarried versus a married woman.
Unmarried: can’t support herself
Helps parents until she has to get a job to make her dowry
Married: helps with husband’s job
Why was marriage usually delayed in pre-industrial European society?
Women had to work for like 10 years to get a dowry
In what ways that the work of married women differ between city and country?
City : in charge of finances, help manage business
Country: carried things, or actually plowed, planted, and harvested
What was meant by the term “economy of expedients”?
If economic disaster struck, the wife organized it. Family members were sent off to work or even beg in the streets.
Why were pregnancy and childbirth typically a time of fear and vulnerability for pre-industrial European women?
Contagious diseases threatened the mother and child, fevers were common, and infections were too.
Wet nurses were also a necessity for poor women
Why was the birth of a child not always welcome in pre-industrial Europe?
It’s another mouth to feed
It could be illegitimate, as promiscuity was pretty common
These led to infanticide
What were foundling hospitals? For what reasons were children typically abandoned?
They were like orphanages. If children were illegitimate, or their parents couldn’t support them, and they didn’t actually kill their kid, they dropped it off at one of these.
In what ways did attitudes toward children begin to change during the 18th century? How did this new attitude differ from attitudes of the old regime?
- educating children
- literacy rates increased
19th c: children were reared to become members of a national citizenry
Old regime: children were reared to make contribution to economy of parents’ family, and then set up their own households
Why was their economic position particularly vulnerable?
If a poor harvest made the food price go up, their business suffered.
What role did the guilds play in the lives of 18th c. Urban artisans?
NOT: growth/innovation
THEY DID: preserve skills and jobs
Provided framework for social and economic advancement
What were the typical causes of urban riots in 18th c. Europe?
-artisans were economically offended
-THE PRICE OF BREAD
(Confiscation/selling at “just” price/ returning of money earned)
-religious bigotry
How did these causes (of urban riots) begin to change by the end of the century?
Urban riots increasingly involved political ends
Political riots had non-artisan leadership/ instigation
In what ways were European Jews forced to maintain a separate existence from the mainstream of European society well into the 18th c?
-Most lived in Eastern Europe
-Catherine the great excluded them from the foreign manifesto.
-needed protection from the local officials
-(except in Britain) they were kind of self-governing in Ghettos
(Ghettos: self-governing community)
P. 532
Facts about the War of Austrian Succession
Started in 1740
Frederick II invaded Silesia
Broke conditions of Pragmatic Sanctions of 1713
Maria Theresa was threatened
France supports Prussia
Britain kicks French butt in Germany and America
Geographically, how did patterns of urbanization change in Europe between 1500 and 1800?
From the Mediterranean -> North
More stats on pg. 465 in the Napoleon book
Between 1600 and1750, which types of cities were most likely to experience vigorous growth?
Capitals and ports
When did the growth of capitals and ports reflect?
The success of monarchical state building
Capitals: consequent burgeoning of bureaucracies, armies, courts etc. who lived in the capitals.
Ports: expansion of European overseas trade (Atlantic).
What types of urban centers declined, and why?
The rates of existing large cities declined because new cities and expansion of small existing ones grew.
After 1750, what factors account for the emergence of new cities, as well as the exceptional growth of many smaller, pre-existing cities?
1-population increase
2-industrial revolution
3-factories
4-prosperity of agriculture
Describe life for Europe’s urban poor of the 18th and 19th centuries
- they were segregated, and most lived by the rivers
- not sanitary, and didn’t have a very good water supply
- dirt, filth, and stench were everywhere
What ways was poverty more visible (but not worse) in the cities than the countrysides?
Crime, prostitution, vagrancy, begging, alcoholism, poor housing, degradation, and death
What social roles were played by the urban upper classes of the 18th and 19th centuries?
Council members, merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, Government officials, nobility
Who typically made up the urban middle-class?
Merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals
What ways did the urban middle-class foster the revolution in consumption which fueled the Industrial Revolution?
1-as owners of factories and stores, they made and sold goods
2-they were the chief consumers
Fully embraced the commercial spirit
The relationship, in general terms, between the European middle class and aristocracy of the pre-French Revolution 18th-century?
Complicated The middle class, or the bourgeoisie, wanted to be like aristocrats. But, the aristocrats didn't want the middle class to take their power.
When tensions did arise between these two groups, around what issues did their debates revolve?
Issues of power-sharing or access to political influence
Why did the middle-class typically fear the urban lower classes?
The thought that the urban lower classes was a potentially violent threat. Urban lower classes also drained national resources.
Who typically made up the urban artisan class?
Grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, handloom weavers, tailors
In what ways were European Jews discriminated against?
Loans weren’t repaid
They were religiously separate
Alliances in the war of Austrian succession
Britain + Austria vs. France + Prussia
Alliances in the seven years’ war
Britain + Prussia vs. France + Austria
P. 552
Britain’s influence on the Enlightenment
Freedom of speech/ press, etc
What did Voltair hope to imply when he uttered, “crush the infamous thing! “?
Was attacking religious persecution and advocating toleration
he was criticizing the church in general
What were the primary complaints of the philosophes against established religion? Were they justified? Why or why not?
The church hindered pursuit of natural life and the scientific study of humanity and nature
This is kind of an opinion question
What political, economic, and social practices of established religion did the philosophes hope to reform and why?
The old regime, the clergy being exempt from taxes, the clergy and only powerful people, the clergy controlled education
In general the clergy in existence have all the power
How did deism differ from traditional Christianity?
It was religion without fanaticism or intolerance
It was largely substituting human reason for authority of churches
How was Deism influenced by the Newtonian worldview?
Nature was rational, so God must also be rational, so religion should be rational, not supernatural or mystical
How did deism differ from Newton’s reconciliation with God?
Newtonian= God could interfere with the natural order Deism= divine "watchmaker" who made the world, then "departed"
What impact did the Deists hope their faith would have in established religion? Was that hope realistic? Why or why not?
It would end the rivalry between the various Christian sects, religious fanaticism, conflict and persecution
Not realistic, because people are idiots and are set in their ways
Which of the Philosophes became the champion of religious toleration
Voltaire
How Much religious toleration did the philosophes hope to achieve?
Not only of different Christian sects, but also of religious faith other than Christianity
What was the basic premise behind their calls for toleration?
Life on earth and human relationships should not be subordinated to religious zeal that permitted one group of people to persecute, harm, or repress other groups
Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by Voltaire
In his Philosophical Dictionary, he criticized inconsistencies in biblical stories
Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by David Hume
In a chapter of Inquiry into Human Nature, “Of Miracles,” he said no empirical evidence supported centrally Christian divine miracles’ belief, and that the greatest miracle to him, was that people believe in miracles.
Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by Edward Gibbon
In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, he explained the rise of Christianity in terms of natural causes, not miracles or piety
Describe the relationship between God and nature as defined by Baruch Spinoza
In Ethics: nature and God is a single divine substance
In Theologico-Politico Treatise: he described origins of religion in thoroughly naturalistic terms
In what ways did the philosophy of Moses Mendelson differ from that of Spinoza?
A Jew could combine loyalty to Judaism with adherence to rational, Enlightenment values.
he wished to advocate religious toleration while genuinely sustaining the traditional religion of Judaism
How did European writers of the 18th century portray Islam, and in what ways did they attack it?
They were hostile to Islam and deeply misleading, called it a “false religion”, said it was carnal, promiscuous, and were against harems in the Islamic world
What views did Voltaire have about Islam?
It’s just another example of religious fanaticism he had already criticized Christians for
What views did John Toland have about Islam?
He said it was a form of Christianity, and was against prejudice against Jews and Muslims
What were the views of Montesquieu toward Islam?
He associated Islamic society with the passivity that he ascribed to people subject to political depotism
Said religion presented Ottomans from technologically advancing
What views did Lady Mary Wortley Montagu portray in her Turkish Embassy letters?
She praised Ottoman society and said it had better architecture than Western Europe. She thought women were free although they were covered with clothing. The anonymity was freedom in Istanbul. She also said the hostile views of Islam are incorrect
What did the Ulama, a Islamic religious establishment, teach Muslims about the Christianity?
There is little to learn from Christian culture, because they believed, Islam replaced Christianity is a religion
How did the salons of Paris allow women to participate in the enlightenment?
It made the women well-connected with political figures
Distributed writings of philosophes among their friends
What benefits did the salons provide to the philosophes?
It gave access to useful social and political contacts and a receptive environment in which to circulate their ideas
The association with fashion also increased their social status
What was the general attitude of the philosophes toward women and their social conditions
They weren’t strong feminists, but they urged for better and broader education. The philosophe said that when they had currently was too religious
advocated no radical change
Describe the specific women presented by Montesquieu
The status of women was a result of climate, political regime, culture, physiology. Women not naturally inferior to men. He was aware of their repression, but he thought men should dominate marriage. He upheld the ideal of female chastity
Describe the specific opinions of women presented by Rousseau
He said men and women occupy different spheres. Women should just please men, and are only good at feeling or giving love. A lot of women breast-fed after he said that motherhood was important.
Describe the specific opinions of women presented by the encyclopedia
Women didn’t need reform. Emphasized physical weakness and inferiority. There were different views from many male authors, but in general they viewed women as only family members
Despite his view that men and women occupy different spheres, in what ways did Rousseau achiever best following among women in 18th-century
Many women breast-fed instead of using wetnurses
Rousseau stressed the importance of emotions
What inspired Mary Wollstonecraft to write A Vindication a of The Rights Of Women
She opposed the policies of the French Revolution, she said they were unfavorable to women
Describe Mary Wollstonecraft’s basic argument in opposition to the views of Rousseau, and in favor of providing women a good education
To confine women to “domestic spheres “makes them sensual slaves of men
Victims of male tyranny, blind obedience, could never achieve on moral or intellectual identity
