Unit 3 Flashcards
What was the political scene like in east and Central Europe as a result of the constant warfare in the region?
Authorities were weak
After 17th century warfare, shifting loyalties
= DISUNITY
What type of economy existed in central and Eastern Europe?
Few cities/ lots of serfs - nothing overseas
= AGRARIAN
What were the three monarchies that dominated east and Central Europe until the end of the Great War?
a) Austrian Habsburgs
b) Prussian Hohenzollerns
c) Russian Romanovs
What prevented the nobles of Poland from electing one of their own as monarch?
Deep distrust and divisions
What was the Sejm?
A diet
A central legislative body
What practice among the legislative body of Poland became a major stumbling block to the success of its government?
The Requirement of Unanimity
Liberum veto= one single member could disband the Sejm
What was the ultimate effect that this practice had upon Poland’s position within Europe?
(Practice= requirement of unanimity)
The disappearance of Poland from the map in the late 18th century
How was the close of the Thirty Years’ War a critical turning point for the Austrian Habsburgs?
They were allied we Spain before, but they can’t make the HRE totally catholic, so Spain declined, and the Austrian Habsburgs were on their own
What was accomplished in the Treaty of Rastatt?
(1714)
The Habsburgs further extend their domains- the Netherlands, and Lombardy in Northern Italy
The Habsburgs’ power lay in territories outside Germany
What did the Habsburgs rely on in order to maintain rule in their many territories?
The cooperation of the local nobility
Why was it so difficult to politically unite the many territories of the Habsburgs’ empire?
They were geographically diverse with different languages, customs, and religions
What saved the Habsburg capital of Vienna from falling into the hands of the ottomans in 1683?
Leopold I resisted ottoman advances
List 3 major accomplishments that occurred under Leopold I’s reign
1683- resisted advances of the Ottoman Empire
Thwarted aggression of Louis XIV
1699- achieved ottoman recognition of his sovereignty over Hungary
1699- extended territories to the Balkan Peninsula and West Romania
How did the territorial conquests of the Habsburgs into the Balkans and western Romania help them?
- strength in the east gave them political leverage in Germany
- hope to develop Mediterranean trade through port of Trieste on the northern coast of the Adriatic Sea
- compensated losses of power in the HRE
What problem was contributed to the territorial diversity with the Austrian Habsburg dynasty when Charles VI took over?
He had no male heir
What did Charles VI do to prevent Austrian Habsburg lands from falling to its surrounding powers?
He sought approval of his family, the estates of his realms, and foreign powers for the document:
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
What did the Pragmatic Sanction provide for?
The legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Habsburg dynasty through (HREmperor) Charles VI’s daughter Maria Theresa
What did Charles VI fail to do which left Maria Theresa’s inheritance vulnerable to foreign attack?
No strong army/ not a full treasury
When and why did the rise of Prussia occur?
German power vacuum
The peace of Westphalia (1648)
What ruling family ruled Prussia?
Hohenzollern
Facts about the 16-17th century Netherlands
7 provinces
Emergence of the Netherlands as a nation
1572 when they revolted against Spain
Religious characteristics of the Netherlands
Calvinism official religion
They were very tolerant
Contemporary impressions of dutch society
Wealthy
Dutch East Indies company
Governmental system of the Netherlands
States general met in The Hague
Stadtholders
Disunity
Holland most powerful
Reasons for Dutch economic prosperity and decline
Agriculture/ trade, finance
Then there wasn’t a stadtholder, and there was disunity
URBANISM
BANKS, SHIPBUILDING
William III of Orange
Chief executive/ stadtholder of Holland
Against France
Ruled with Mary II of England
Two most important models of European political organization
Parliamentary monarchy (England) Political absolutism (France)
Characteristics of absolute rule
Divine right to rule
Avoid dealing with national political institutions that limit authority
STRONG FINANCIAL BASE
INDEPENDENT OF NOBLES, CLERGY
Characteristics and facts about James I, his rule and relationship with parliament
KJV OF THE BIBLE (king James version) Son of Mary Stuart Absolutist Levied IMPOSITIONS tax Duke of Buckingham was his gay lover, who sold titles Made peace with Spain Hesitated to help HRE Protestants
Reasons for suspicion of James I foreign policy
Pro-catholic religious sentiments
Penal laws and anti-catholic laws were relaxed
He starts taking England back to Catholicism
Charles I’s extra-parliamentary measures
Levied new taxes without parliaments consent
Collected discontinued taxes
Quartered troops in private homes
Kept revenue in their court
The petition of right
1628 Charles I was
Forced to summon parliament
Needed money
Parliament didn’t want to help him unless he signed the petition of right
Consequences of the religious policies of Charles I
Tried to enforce religious conformity
He’s technically Protestant, but not really
William laud tried to get scots to conform, but they rebelled.
Bishops war 1639.
England is now fighting Ireland and Scotland
Eventually he calls parliament back into session
Facts about the long parliament
1640-1660
Long Parliament members were merchants, landowners who were upset by religious policy. Stafford and laud executed.
triennial act - they couldn’t dissolve without their own consent
Facts about the English Civil War
1642-1646
Cavaliers vs. Roundheads (Royal vs. Parliamentary)
Gentlemen’s Warfare
Oliver Cromwell led the roundheads and he was offensive and defensive like gustavus Adolphus = new model army
Prides purge
1648
Cromwell purged the people sympathetic to Charles
End of absolutism in England
The people in the parliament after this were known as the rump parliament.
Oliver Cromwell
Regicide- killed Charles, the hereditary monarch
Abolishes the House of Lords and the church of England, makes Puritan republic known as republic of the Commonwealth, run by the parliament
The Lord protector or the military leader until 1658.
He was like the bad guys in braveheart. Puritanical too
LIFE IN ENGLAND SUCKED UNDER HIM
State of England after Cromwell and what they wanted to restore
It sucked
Status quo of 1642
The monarchy
Facts about the Treaty of Dover
1670
Economic alliance with France vs. the Netherlands
Was a warning flag to protestants
Charles II secretly pledged to Louis the 14th that he would publicly convert to Catholicism when the time was right
The test act
It was the reaction of the Parliament to the declaration of indulgence in 1672, which suspended anti-Catholic laws from cleritan code
It: required any civil/ military personnel to swear an oath against Transubstantiation
The popish plot
High lightened catholic hysteria
Fabricated by Titus Oates, who said Charles II’s wife w/ Jesuits to kill him so catholic brother could take over
Declaration of indulgence of 1687
Suspended the test act
By James II who is catholic
7 bishops refused to support it
Facts about the glorious Revolution
November 1688
Mary and William III of orange take over England, and they signed the English Bill of Rights which restricted the monarchs power, enforced the triennial act and stated Roman Catholics can never be a monarch of England
DEPOSED JAMES II
The act of settlement of 1701
The English crown was to go to the Protestant ( German ) house of Hanover
Act of Union in 1707
England Scotland Wales are all the United Kingdom
And Stuart, the last Stuart monarch, was the first monarch of the United Kingdom
Facts about Robert Walpole
As the first prime minister, everyone liked him. He achieved peace abroad and stability at home. Also : expanded international trade, I need to superior navy, established civil liberties, did not have a standing army, it was more of religiously tolerant, and MADE ENGLAND A MODEL FLAGSHIP OF GOVERNMENT
Fact about Cardinal Armand richelieu
He was the Regent to Louis xiii of France
Did to nobles what that coach did to that kids dad
Trained Mazarin
Louis xiv’s relationship with French nobility
Friends close enemies closer
His absolutism was subtle, he formed councils and chose leaders from the lesser nobles. He made parlements , and the parlement of Paris. He made the councils pass his laws before his they could read them.
MADAME DE MONTENON INFLUENCED HIM
Versailles
Symbol of absolutism The chateau The largest political building in all of Europe the symbol of absolutism consumed half of the Royal revenue Most over 10,000 people
Religious policies of Louis the 14th
Believed political stability= religious conformity
Tried to stamp out Protestants
He betrayed Gallican liberties
He attacked Jansenists- who were radical Catholics
Symbolism of Louis XIV
Sun king
Letat cest moi
Religious acts of Louis the 14th
Anti- Jansenist
Revocation of the edict of Nantes
Religious conformity
Characteristics of Jansenists
Catholic Calvinists, basically
Predestination, original sin
Very against Jesuits who dominated royal authority
Fought in the Fronde
Against monarchy, and strict morality, like puritans
Results of the revocation of the edict of Nantes
/ edict of Fontaine bleu
Closed Huguenot schools and churches
Exiled or indentured preachers that would not convert
Protestant children were forced to be baptized into the Catholic Church
It was bad for France’s economy because the smart Protestants emigrated
France was now viewed as a Catholic fanatical country.
It was also a symbol of the Protestant repression
Finance Minister of Louis the 14th
Jean-baptiste Colbert
Mercantile trading, largest standing army
Wars fought during the reign of Louis the 14th
The war of devolution, The Franco-Dutch war, nine years war, the war of Spanish succession
Facts about the war of Spanish succession
Sought to unite kingdoms
The king of Spain died without an heir
France wants to unite with Spain, and the other countries are like, no way! Grand alliance (England, holland, HRE) vs. France(+Spain)
Ends w/ treaty of Utrecht, then Rastatt
France after the reign of Louis XIV
Bankrupt, but the rest of Europe is too Resources depleted by Versailles and wars Louis Xv ruled Nobles Cardinal Fleury- chief minister = glue
Economic beliefs of John law
Print more money to give to the people, so they spend it, and our economy goes up. Give the royal bank gold, and they’ll give you paper money, which you can invest in the Mississippi company
Aftermath of the reign of Ivan IV in Russia
Time of troubles
So the Russian nobles chose a new czar, Michael Romanov
Power of Boyers during the reign of Peter the Great
They had to shave their beards, or pay Peter a tax. Peter also made them live in St. Petersburg. The table of ranks, along with the administrative colleges checked their power.
Facts about the great Northern war
Was from 1700 to 1721. Between Sweden and Russia, Peter the Great ultimately was able to beat them at the battle of Poltava in 1709. Russia won the war and then controlled Baltic states of Estonia Levonia and parts of Finland, with the peace of Nystad
Significance of St. Petersburg
It was like Versailles. it was the seat of government and the Boyars lived there.
Reforms of Peter the Great and their purpose
Purpose: to place the boyars and the Russian Orthodox Church under Peter’s thumb. Table of ranks, holy synod, administrative colleges
Characteristics of the legacy of Peter the Great
He: expanded Russian territory to the east and the west,
created a mighty modern army,
gained a warm water port,
Built in magnificent city as the window to the west,
built a magnificent city as a window to the west,
successfully wrested power away from the Nobles and military elite,
AND HE MADE RUSSIA RELEVANT, but he did not have a successor, so the boyars and the Streltsy had power again. He laid the groundwork for a modern state, but not a stable one.
Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained
Mathematical laws
17th century scientists
Nicolaus Copernicus Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton
Characteristics/ descriptions of the scientific revolution
Was very slow, very widespread, not organized, informal, had very few people involved
Ptolemaic view of the universe
Geocentrism, or that the Earth didn’t move at all and was at the center of the universe
Copernican view of the universe
Heliocentrism, or the Earth moves on an axis and has an orbit, and the sun is the center of the universe
Tychonic view of the universe
Geoheliocentrism, or everything revolved around earth except mercury and Venus revolved around the sun.
Facts and characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the scientific revolution
Ptolemaic system
Religious, not really scientific
Nicolaus Copernicus’s contributions to scientific revolution
Naked eye observations
1543 on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres, theory of Heliocentrism
Tycho Brahe’s contribution to the scientific revolution
Astronomical data
Johannes Kepler’s contribution to scientific revolution
1609 wrote The new astronomy, detailing elliptical orbits
Isaac Newton’s contribution to the scientific revolution
1687 wrote Principia Mathematica. Was an English philosopher. Universal gravitation, laws of motion, empiricism( observation before hypothesis)
Galileo’s literary works
Starry messenger in 1610,
letters on sunspots in 1613
Then dialogue on the two chief world systems
Galileo’s views of the universe
It’s governed by mathematical lies,
the sun is in the center and the sun is rotating as well
Galileo’s contribution to the scientific revolution
He improved the telescope
And wrote starry messenger, and letters on sunspots
Mechanism and what natural philosophers believed it achieved
It explained the world in mechanical metaphors
It changed from symbolic to a rational purpose
Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to scientific inquiry
Father of empiricism- inductive reasoning
Scientific method,
His discovery was discovery
Published Novum Organum, or new organ
There are two types of philosophers, men of experiments and men of dogmas
Beliefs on knowledge according to Francis Bacon
Any new knowledge should be useful and make people’s lives better
Cartesian dualism
Everything is one of two categories: thinking things (things of the mind-no one can really explain it with material) or things that occupy space(as of the body/extension/material-which natural philosophy can explain).
Descartes view
Wrote discourse on method in 1637
He believed in math education
And deductive reasoning - I think, therefore I am
What did Thomas Hobbes write?
Leviathan, supporting absolute monarchy
Saying Tyranny is better than anarchy
Thomas hobbes’s social contract
People give up absolutely all of their rights+ king gives them protection
Thomas hobbes’s view on humanity
Very black
We are selfish, we cause chaos and war
John locke’s literary works
The two treatises of government
Letter concerning toleration
Essay concerning human understanding
John Locke’s social contract
No patriarchal govt, (like a family)
People have natural rights- Life, liberty, property
If they don’t have those rights, then they have the right to rebel
John Locke’s view on the role of government
To manage or control the improvement because of competition
Tabula rasa
Blank slate
We are who we are because of our environment
Encouraged behaviorism
Role of women during the scientific revolution
Through their husbands, mostly
Margaret cavendish and Maria Winkelmann were exceptions
EXCLUDED FROM UNIVERSITIES, CONVENTS, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
Poland
Elective monarchy Nobles elected foreigners Didn't trust own countrymen Legislative body = Sejm Most nobles were wealthy Not centralized at all
Dynasties of central and Eastern Europe
Russia, Austria, Prussia
Romanov , habsburgs, hohenzollerns
Charles I’s advisors
Earl of Stafford
William Laud
Both impeached by long parliament
Reign of Louis XIV
72 years
Pascal’s famous wager
Take leap of faith just in case
Pascal’s book
Pensées
- There is god, and we don’t deserve him
- Refuted: dogmatists, skeptics, and atheists
Physic- theology
Deducting religious thought from nature
Bacon
Reason for end of witch hunts
People were tired of chaos
New science was rational
Emergence of baroque art
In Rome
Counter reformation
Characteristics of baroque art
Depicted themes naturally, like Renaissance
Baroque artists
Peter Paul Rubens
Lorenze Berannini
Baroque monument
Palace of Versailles
