Unit 6 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Disease of the circulation
- heart and blood vessels

Includes disorders of coagulation and also problems caused to other organs due to issues with blood supply

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2
Q

What are the four main types of CVD?

A
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
- angina
- myocardial infarction (MI)
- heart failure
Strokes and transient ischaemic attacks (TIA)
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Aortic disease
- most commonly abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA)
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3
Q

How many people in the UK are living with heart and circulatory disease?

A

7 million

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4
Q

What percentage of all deaths in the UK are caused by heart and circulatory disease?

A

25%

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5
Q

Out of 152,000 deaths per year, how many are “premature” - before the age of 75?

A

42,000

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6
Q

What percentage of people with CVD have at least one other health condition?

A

80%

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7
Q

What has happened to number of deaths from CVD since 1961?

A

Halved

- previously 320,000 per year

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8
Q

What do primary prevention strategies identify and alter?

A

Modifiable risks
Modifiable risk factors are behaviours and exposures that can raise or lower a person’s risk of disease. They are modifiable because they can, in theory, be changed.
- reduce incidence in disease-free individuals or in the population

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9
Q

What do secondary prevention strategies target?

A

Individuals with established disease, who have usually had an ‘event’ to reduce morbidity and mortality

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10
Q

What are most CVD events?

A
Most CVD is acquired
- not 'congenital' or inherited
Most events mostly due to lifestyle
- preventable
Influenced by non-modifiable risk factors
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11
Q

What is risk stratification in CVD?

A

Identifying potential patients requiring intervention for primary prevention relies on a strategy in primary care to stratify risk
Estimation of CVD risk should be done regularly for over-40s, using factors recorded in medical notes
A full, formal risk assessment should be carried out where 10 year CVD risk is thought to be 10% or more

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12
Q

How is risk stratification in CVD carried out?

A

Q-RISK 3

Can only give an approximate risk of developing a CVD
- target preventive medication and lifestyle modification

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13
Q

What is a Q-risk score of 10% or more classed as?

A

Higher risk

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14
Q

What is a Q-risk score of 20% or more classed as?

A

May require high intensity therapy

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15
Q

Describe primary prevention of CVD

A

Before offering medication discuss benefits of lifestyle modification and optimise the management of all other modifiable CVD risk factors

  • people need support
  • incentivise people by repeating CVD risk measurement after a period of lifestyle modification
  • pharmacological intervention where necessary
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16
Q

What lifestyle factors have an effect on CVD risk?

A
  • smoking
  • overweight/obesity
  • diet and exercise
17
Q

What proportion of adults in the UK smoke?

A

1 in 6

18
Q

How many deaths per year are caused by smoking?

A

100,000

- 20,000 due to CVD

19
Q

What proportion of the UK population or overweight or obese?

A

1/3 are overweight

1/4 are obese

20
Q

Give three examples of medical risk factors for CVD?

A
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • hyperlipidaemia
21
Q

What percentage of the adult population has high blood pressure?

A

30%

- about half of these are untreated

22
Q

What percentage of heart attacks and strokes are associated with high blood pressure?

A

50%

23
Q

How much more likely are adults with diabetes to develop CVD?

A

2 - 3 times

24
Q

How much more likely are adults with diabetes to die from heart disease or stroke, compared to those without diabetes?

A

2 times

25
Q

What is a significant risk factor for developing heart and circulatory diseases?

A

High blood cholesterol

26
Q

How should hypertension be treated?

A

Start with lifestyle factors

Once confirmed, treat pharmacologially

27
Q

What is necessary when carrying out a HbA1c test?

A

HbA1c test should be treated to target with antibiotic drugs BUT a full cardiovascular risk profile will be necessary and appropriate medicines should be used concurrently

28
Q

Following a formal risk assessment, which patient groups should be given lipid modification therapy as a primary prevention?

A
  • people aged 84 years and younger if their estimated 10-year risk of CVD using the Q risk assessment tool is 10% or more
  • people with type 2 diabetes if their estimated 10- year risk of CVD using the Q risk assessment tool is 10% or more
29
Q

Which patient groups should be given lipid modification therapy as a primary prevention?

A
  • type 1 diabetes
  • chronic kidney disease
  • familial hypercholesterolaemia
  • everyone over 84