Unit 6 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards
What is cardiovascular disease?
Disease of the circulation
- heart and blood vessels
Includes disorders of coagulation and also problems caused to other organs due to issues with blood supply
What are the four main types of CVD?
Coronary heart disease (CHD) - angina - myocardial infarction (MI) - heart failure Strokes and transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) Aortic disease - most commonly abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA)
How many people in the UK are living with heart and circulatory disease?
7 million
What percentage of all deaths in the UK are caused by heart and circulatory disease?
25%
Out of 152,000 deaths per year, how many are “premature” - before the age of 75?
42,000
What percentage of people with CVD have at least one other health condition?
80%
What has happened to number of deaths from CVD since 1961?
Halved
- previously 320,000 per year
What do primary prevention strategies identify and alter?
Modifiable risks
Modifiable risk factors are behaviours and exposures that can raise or lower a person’s risk of disease. They are modifiable because they can, in theory, be changed.
- reduce incidence in disease-free individuals or in the population
What do secondary prevention strategies target?
Individuals with established disease, who have usually had an ‘event’ to reduce morbidity and mortality
What are most CVD events?
Most CVD is acquired - not 'congenital' or inherited Most events mostly due to lifestyle - preventable Influenced by non-modifiable risk factors
What is risk stratification in CVD?
Identifying potential patients requiring intervention for primary prevention relies on a strategy in primary care to stratify risk
Estimation of CVD risk should be done regularly for over-40s, using factors recorded in medical notes
A full, formal risk assessment should be carried out where 10 year CVD risk is thought to be 10% or more
How is risk stratification in CVD carried out?
Q-RISK 3
Can only give an approximate risk of developing a CVD
- target preventive medication and lifestyle modification
What is a Q-risk score of 10% or more classed as?
Higher risk
What is a Q-risk score of 20% or more classed as?
May require high intensity therapy
Describe primary prevention of CVD
Before offering medication discuss benefits of lifestyle modification and optimise the management of all other modifiable CVD risk factors
- people need support
- incentivise people by repeating CVD risk measurement after a period of lifestyle modification
- pharmacological intervention where necessary
What lifestyle factors have an effect on CVD risk?
- smoking
- overweight/obesity
- diet and exercise
What proportion of adults in the UK smoke?
1 in 6
How many deaths per year are caused by smoking?
100,000
- 20,000 due to CVD
What proportion of the UK population or overweight or obese?
1/3 are overweight
1/4 are obese
Give three examples of medical risk factors for CVD?
- hypertension
- diabetes
- hyperlipidaemia
What percentage of the adult population has high blood pressure?
30%
- about half of these are untreated
What percentage of heart attacks and strokes are associated with high blood pressure?
50%
How much more likely are adults with diabetes to develop CVD?
2 - 3 times
How much more likely are adults with diabetes to die from heart disease or stroke, compared to those without diabetes?
2 times
