Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MPharm 2 - PH2113 > Unit 4 - Oedema > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Oedema Flashcards

1
Q

What is oedema?

A

Build up of excess fluid in extracellular spaces (interstitial spaces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give examples of types of oedema

A 
Cardiac
Hepatic
Nephrotic
Nutritional
Hormonal
Postural
Angioneurotic
Localised
Altitude
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two components of cardiac oedema?

A
  • backward failure theory

- forward failure theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is backward failure theory in cardiac oedema?

A

One of the ventricles fails to pump out all of its blood that comes into it.
Thus, ventricular filling pressure and systemic or pulmonary oedema increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is forward failure theory in cardiac oedema?

A

The heart is not pumping out enough blood to satisfy the needs of the cells of the body

  • excess fluid retention
  • oedema increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the effects of backward failure in cardiac oedema?

A

Swelling of peripheral tissues
- often legs/ankles
- venous pressure is greatest
Skin becomes puffy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does backward failure take place?

A
  • right side of heart fails and unable to clear returning blood
  • increase venous pressure
  • increase transudation of fluid into interstitial spaces
  • decrease in plasma volume
  • renin-angiotensin cascade activated
  • renal retention of Na+ and water
  • trying to replace plasma volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does forward failure take place?

A
  • left side of heart fails
  • decreases cardiac output
  • less perfusion of tissues
  • reduced renal blood flow decreases GFR
  • increase aldosterone release leads to Na+ and water reabsorption
  • increased plasma volume and capillary release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the effects of forward failure in cardiac oedema?

A
  • back pressure in the pulmonary artery
  • causes pulmonary oedema
  • reduction in respiratory function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hepatic oedema caused by?

A

Cirrhosis of the liver

  • chronic alcohol abuse
  • chronic viral hepatitis
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • fat accumulation in the liver
  • non-alcoholic liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the metabolism of aldosterone impaired in hepatic oedema?

A

Aldosterone is metabolised in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of hepatic oedema?

A
  • metabolism of aldosterone is impaired
  • increased Na+ retention
  • cirrhosis/portal obstruction increases hepatic portal vein pressure
  • causes excess fluid in peritoneum
  • ascites
  • increased intra-abdominal pressure
  • increased venous pressure in lower limbs
  • peripheral oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

Glomeruli within the kidney become ‘leaky’ and large amounts of protein leak from the blood into the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome characterised by?

A
  • albuminuria
  • hypoalbuminia
  • oedema
  • hyperlipidemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
- scar tissue in glomerulus
Membrane nephropathy
- immune system attacks kidney
Systemic disease
- diabetes
- lupus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Loss of albumin
Increases oncotic pressure
less water into capillaries
Less water back into blood stream
- reduced oncotic pressure driving it
More water retained in interstitial space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is albumin ?

A

Albumin is a protein made by your liver. Albumin helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn’t leak into other tissues.

18
Q

What is oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins and particularly albumin in plasma

19
Q

What effect does oncotic pressure have?

A

Pulls water into the circulatory system

20
Q

What effect does oncotic pressure have in nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Colloid OP reduces
- proteins lost to urine
Less water pulled into circulatory system
- plasma volume decreases
Aldosterone released
- Na+ and water retention
21
Q

How is nephrotic syndrome treated?

A

Protein rich diet to build up protein in blood
Lipid lowering drugs
Corticosteroid drugs

22
Q

What causes nutritional oedema?

A

Lack of protein in the diet

  • lowers colloid oncotic pressure
  • discourages water osmosis into plasma
  • reduced plasma volume leads to aldosterone release
  • results in oedema
23
Q

What is the treatment for nutritional oedema?

A

Protein rich diet

24
Q

When does hormonal oedema occur?

A

Pregnancy

Menstrual cycle

25
Q

What causes hormonal oedema?

A

Progesterone secretion
- ovaries
- placenta
Global gain of 500 - 900 mM of NaCl distributed between maternal and foetal circulations

26
Q

What is the effect of progesterone in hormonal oedema?

A

Multiple actions but antagonises aldosterone by binding to its receptor

27
Q

Why do new generation of oral contraceptives cause less hormonal oedema?

A

Oral contraceptives contain synthetic progesterone which can lead to oedema
- newer generation contain lower doses of progesterone

28
Q

What is the treatment for hormonal oedema?

A

Diuretics in severe cases

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of using diuretics in pregnancy?

A

Risk to foetus

30
Q

When might postural oedema be experienced?

A

During pregnancy

31
Q

What causes postural oedema?

A

Physical expansion of the tissue in abdomen causes

  • restricted venous from lower body
  • increased venous pressure and transudation
32
Q

What is angiotic oedema (angioedema)?

A

Syndrome of swelling of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes

  • face
  • tongue
  • larynx
  • abdomen or
  • arms and legs
33
Q

What causes angiotic oedema?

A

Allergic type reaction

- complicated immune chemical pathways

34
Q

What other symptoms are associated with angiotic oedema?

A
  • urticaria
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • intermittent abdominal pain
  • shortness of breath
35
Q

What is the mechanism that causes angiotic oedema?

A
  • histamine (quicker)

- bradykinin

36
Q

What is the cause of localised oedema?

A
  • bites
  • stings
  • burns
  • scratches
37
Q

What is localised oedema?

A

Caused by an increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins and fluids due to an impaired barrier

38
Q

What is altitude oedema also known as?

A

Altitude sickness

39
Q

At what altitude does acute mountain sickness occur?

A

Above 2400 metres

40
Q

What does altitude oedema cause?

A
  • high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO)

- high altitude cerebral oedema (HACO)

41
Q

How does high altitude cause oedema?

A
  • hypoxia causes heart to pump more blood to lungs
  • causes pulmonary pooling to get more oxygen from rarified air
  • fluid leaks into extracellular spaces in lungs
  • FATAL
  • increase in extracellular fluid that can pass through the endothelium of Blood Brain Barrier either by increased pressure or by inflammation that makes the endothelium vulnerable to leaking

MPharm 2 - PH2113 (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions