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MPharm 2 - PH2113 > Unit 4 - Renal Tubule > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Renal Tubule Flashcards

1
Q

What plays a crucial role in maintaining ionic concentration

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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2
Q

Where are the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps located in the renal tubule?

A

On the basolateral membrane

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3
Q

How many sodium and potassium ions are exchanged in a Na+/K+ ATPase?

A
  • three Na+ ions are moved in

- two K+ ions are moved in

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4
Q

What is created by the Na+/K+ ATPase?

A
  • low intracellular sodium concentration

- negative charge intracellularly

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5
Q

What is formed by the negative intracellular charge created by the Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

Electrochemical force from the lumen to the interstitium

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6
Q

What is allowed to flow through a transporter from the tubule into the cell down a concentration gradient?

A

Na+

Movement of anions coupled to the movement of sodium

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7
Q

How much of the solute-laden filtrate is reclaimed in the proximal tubule?

A

60 - 80%

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8
Q

What volume of fluid is filtered across the glomerulus daily?

A

180 litres

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9
Q

What volume of the 180 litres of fluid filtered through the glomerulus reaches the distal tubular elements?

A

50 litres

- 130 litres of fluid is reabsorbed

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10
Q

Which molecules are involved in the reabsorption process in the proximal tubule?

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
  • glucose
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11
Q

What percentage of the filtered NaHCO3 is absorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

80%

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12
Q

What percentage of the filtered NaCl is absorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

50%

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13
Q

Which part of the kidney reabsorbs >90% glomerular filtrate?

A

Nephron

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14
Q

What proportion of glomerular filtrate is absorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

2/3

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15
Q

What proportion of glomerular filtrate is absorbed in the distal tubule?

A

1/3

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16
Q

Which part of the nephron has few mitochondria and little Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

Descending limb

17
Q

What is the consequence of the descending limb having few mitochondria and little Na+/K+ATPase?

A

Not active methods for reabsorption

18
Q

What is the descending limb highly porous to?

A
  • water

- urea

19
Q

Why is the descending limb highly porous to water and urea?

A

Cells are leaky
- lack of tight junction
Abundant aquaporin I channels

20
Q

What volume of the 60 litres of filtrate that enters the descending limb is reabsorbed?

A

30 litres

21
Q

How does the concentration of the filtrate in the descending limb change?

A

Goes from isotonic to hypertonic
Isotonic solutions are two solutions that have the same concentration of a solute. Hypertonic solution. Hypertonic solution is one of two solutions that has a higher concentration of a solute.

22
Q

What percentage of particles that enter the ascending limb are reabsorbed?

A

75%

23
Q

Why is there a high density of Na+/K+ATPase in the ascending limb of the nephron?

A

High energy requirement

- lots of active reabsorption

24
Q

Why is the ascending limb highly susceptible to injury through hypoperfusion or hypoxia?

A

High energy requirement

- lots of oxygen needed for ATPase

25
Q

What is the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Mostly impermeable to water

26
Q

What is the outcome of the ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule to reclaim solute without water?

A

Dilute urine (as water stays inside the nephron)

27
Q

Which transporters are located in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

apical membrane - NaCl co-transporter

basolateral membrane - Na+/K+ATPase

28
Q

How do chloride ions enter the interstitium from the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Chloride channel

29
Q

Which part of the nephron is a major site of calcium reabsorption?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

30
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A

The ‘fine tuner’ of filtrate

31
Q

Which part of the nephron can respond to external signals and stimuli?

A

The collecting duct

  • aldosterone stimulates epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
  • enhancing sodium reabsorption
  • enhancing potassium and acid secretion
32
Q

What is the interface between the tubules and the rest of the body?

A

The collecting duct

33
Q

What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct?

A 
Principle
- Na+ reclamation
- K+ secretion
Intercalated
- H+ and HCO3- secretion
- K+ reabsorption
34
Q

What is the effect of adding H+ to the lumen of the nephron in the collecting duct?

A

More acidic urine

MPharm 2 - PH2113 (50 decks)

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