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MPharm 2 - PH2113 > Unit 4 - Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of GORD?

A 
Heartburn
- an uncomfortable burning sensation in the chest that often occurs after eating
Acid reflux
- where stomach acid comes back up into your mouth and causes an unpleasant, sour taste
Oesophagitis
- a sore, inflamed oesophagus
Bad breath
Bloating and belching
Feeling or being sick
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2
Q

How is GORD diagnosed?

A

Via symptoms
Barium swallow
Oesophagoscopy

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3
Q

What are the causes of GORD?

A 
Certain foods or drinks
- coffee
- tomatoes
- alcohol
- chocolate
- fatty foods
- spicy foods
Being overweight
Smoking
Pregnancy
Stress and anxiety
Some medicines
- NSAIDs
Hiatus hernia
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4
Q

When should a patient with GORD be referred to a GP?

A
  • lifestyle changes and pharmacy medicines are not helping
  • you have heartburn most days for 3 weeks or more
  • you have other symptoms
  • food getting stuck in throat
  • frequently being sick
  • losing weight for no reason
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5
Q

What lifestyle changes can be made to reduce GORD?

A

Eat smaller, more frequent meals
Raise 1 end of your bed by 10 - 20 cm by putting something under your bed or mattress
- your chest and head should be above the level of your waist so stomach acid does not travel up towards your throat
Try to lose weight if you’re overweight
Try to find ways to relax
Do not have food or drink that triggers your symptoms
Do not eat within 3 or 4 hours before bed
Do not wear clothes that are tight around your waist
Do not smoke
Do not drink too much alcohol
Do not stop taking any prescribed medicine without speaking to a doctor first

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6
Q

What medications can be taken to relieve GORD symptoms?

A

Antacids

- take with food or soon after eating

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7
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

An open sore that develops on the lining of the stomach

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of a peptic ulcer?

A

Most common is a burning or gnawing pain in the centre of the abdomen
Aren’t always painful and some people experience other symptoms
- indigestion
- heartburn
- loss of appetite
- feeling sick
- weight loss

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9
Q

What are the causes of a peptic ulcer?

A

Stomach ulcers occur when the layer that protects the stomach lining from stomach acid breaks down, which allows the stomach lining to become damanged

  • an infection with Helicobacteria pylori (H. pylori) bacteria
  • taking NSAIDs
  • ibuprofen
  • aspirin
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10
Q

When should a patient with a peptic ulcer be referred to a GP?

A

Seek urgent medical advice if:

  • vomiting blood
  • blood can appear bright red or have dark brown, grainy appearance, similar to coffee grounds
  • passing dark, sticky tar-like stools
  • a sudden, sharp pain in your tummy that gets steadily worse
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11
Q

What lifestyle changes can be made to manage a peptic ulcer?

A

Stop taking NSAIDs

  • ibuprofen
  • aspirin
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12
Q

What medications can be taken to relieve a peptic ulcer?

A

Proton pump inhibitors
- reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces
Antibiotic
- if H. pylori infection is responsible

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13
Q

What complications can arise from a stomach ulcer?

A
  • bleeding at the site of the ulcer
  • the stomach lining at the site of the ulcer splitting open
  • perforation
  • the ulcer blocking the movement of food through the digestive system
  • gastric obstruction
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14
Q

When should a patient with dyspepsia be referred to a GP?

A
  • keep getting indigestion
  • are in severe pain
  • are 55 or older
  • have lost a lot of weight without meaning to
  • have difficulty swallowing
  • dysphagia
  • keep being sick
  • have iron deficiency anaemia
  • feel like you have a lump in your stomach
  • have bloody vomit or poo
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15
Q

What lifestyle changes should be made by a patient with dyspepsia?

A
  • cut down on tea, coffee, cola or alcohol
  • prop your head and shoulders up in bed
  • this can stop stomach acid coming up while you sleep
  • lose weight if you’re overweight
  • don’t eat 3 to 4 hours before going to bed
  • don’t have rich, spicy or fatty foods
  • don’t take ibuprofen or aspirin
  • this can make aspirin worse
  • don’t smoke
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16
Q

What medications can be taken to treat dyspepsia?

A
  • antacids

- proton pump inhibitors

17
Q

What is constipation?

A

Constipation occurs when bowel movements become less frequent and stools become difficult to pass

18
Q

What are the symptoms of constipation?

A

It’s likely to be constipation if:

  • you have not had a poo at least 3 times during the last week
  • the poo is often large and dry, hard or lumpy
  • you are straining or in pain when you have a poo
19
Q

What are the causes of constipation?

A
  • low fluid intake
  • lack of fibre in the diet
  • lack of exercise
  • stress
20
Q

When should a patient with constipation be referred to a GP?

A
  • symptoms not improving with treatment
  • regularly constipated and it lasts a long time
  • bloated and it lasts a long time
  • have blood in your poo
  • have unexpectedly lost weight
  • feel very tired all the time
  • are taking medicines that’s causing constipation
  • opioid painkillers
21
Q

What lifestyle changes can be made to reduce constipation?

A

To make your poo softer and easier to pass
- drink plenty of fluids and avoid alcohol
- increase the fibre in your diet
- add some wheat bran, oats or linseed to your diet
Keep to a regular time and place and give yourself plenty of time to use the toilet
Do not delay if you feel the urge to poo
To make it easier to poo try resting your feet on a low stool while going to the toilet
- if possible raise your knees above your hips
A daily walk or run can help you poo more reguarly

22
Q

What are the complications of constipation?

A

Long-term constipation can lead to faecal impaction

- where poo has built up in the last part of the large intestine (rectum)

23
Q

What is the main symptom of faecal impaction?

A

Diarrhoea after a long bout of constipation

24
Q

What medications can be taken to relieve constipation symptoms?

A

Speak to a pharmacist if diet and lifestyle changes are not helping

  • can suggest a suitable laxative
  • most laxatives work within 3 days
  • they should only be used for a short time
25
Q

How can faecal impaction be treated?

A 
Stronger laxatives
- prescribed by a GP
Suppository
Mini enema
Healthcare professional removing some of the poo
- don't try this at home!
26
Q

When should you call 999 or go to A&E regarding diarrhoea?

A

If you or your child:

  • vomit blood or have vomit that looks like ground coffee
  • have bright green or yellow vomit
  • might have swallowed something poisonous
  • have a stiff neck and pain when looking at bright lights
  • have a sudden, severe headache or stomach ache
27
Q

When should you call 111 regarding diarrhoea?

A

If

  • you’re worried about a baby under 12 months
  • your children stops breast or bottle feeding while they’re ill
  • a child under 5 years has signs of dehydration
  • fewer wet nappies
  • you or your child still have signs of dehydration after using oral rehydration sachets
  • you or your child being suck and cannot keep fluid down
  • you or your child have bloody diarrhoea or bleeding from the bottom
  • you or your child have diarrhoea for more than 7 days
28
Q

How can you avoid spreading an infection which causes diarrhoea?

A
  • wash your hands with soap and water frequently
  • wash any clothing or bedding that has poo or vomit on it separately on a hot wash
  • clean toilet seats, flush handles, taps, surfaces and door handles every day
  • don’t prepare food for other people
  • don’t share towels, flannels, cutlery or utensils
  • don’t use a swimming pool until TWO WEEKS after the symptoms stop
29
Q

What is IBD?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

- long term conditions that involve inflammation of the gut

30
Q

What two conditions are usually described by IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)?

A
  • ulcerative colitis

- Crohn’s disease

31
Q

Which part of the intestine is affected by ulcerative colitis?

A

The colon

- large intestine

32
Q

Which part of the digestive system is affected by Crohn’s disease?

A

Any part of the digestive system

- from the mouth to the anus

33
Q

What are the symptoms of IBD?

A
  • pain, cramps or swelling in the tummy
  • recurring or bloody diarrhoea
  • weight loss
  • extreme tiredness
    May also have
  • high temperature
  • vomiting
  • anaemia
    Less commonly
  • arthritis
  • uveitis
  • painful red skin bumps
  • erythema nodosum
  • jaundice
34
Q

How is IBD diagnosed?

A
  • endoscopy

- colonoscopy

35
Q

What are the causes of IBD?

A

Unclear what causes IBD

  • genetics
  • more likely to get it if you have a close relative with the condition
  • a problem with your immune system
36
Q

What medications can be taken to relieve symptoms of IBD?

A 
Currently no cure
Mild ulcerative colitis
- need minimal or no treatment
Medicines used to treat ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease
- aminosalicylates or mesalazines
- reduce inflammation in the gut
- immunosuppressants
- steroids
- azathioprine
- biological or biosimilar medicines
- antibody-based treatments given by injection that target a specific part of the immune system
- antibiotics

MPharm 2 - PH2113 (50 decks)

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