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AP Biology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

Chapters 16 + 17 (67 cards)

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1
Q

Transformation

A

The change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

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2
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria/archaea; used for genetic research

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3
Q

Virus

A

DNA (sometimes RNA) enclosed by a protective coat that is often a protein

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4
Q

Double Helix

A

The twisted structure of the DNA molecule

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5
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

A

Describes the alternating pattern of deoxyribose and phosphate group that makes up the sides of DNA molecule

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6
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Make up the “rungs” of DNA ladder; adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, (uracil)

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7
Q

Antiparallel

A

The tendency of DNA backbones to run in opposite directions

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8
Q

Purines

A

Double-ringed (larger) nitrogenous bases; adenine and guanine

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single-ringed (smaller) nitrogenous bases; thymine and cytosine

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10
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Specific points along the DNA molecules where the strands are separated to form a “bubble” where replication can start

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11
Q

Replication Fork

A

Where new DNA strands are elongated

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12
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme responsible for untwisting the double helix at the replication forks

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13
Q

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

A

Proteins that bind to the untwisted strands of DNA for stabilization

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14
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzyme that corrects over winding ahead of the replication fork

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15
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that attaches new nucleotides; cannot start the chain of replicated DNA; works only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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16
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that attaches a short segment known as an RNA primer to unraveled DNA so that polymerase has an open 3’ to attach new nucleotides to

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17
Q

Leading Strand

A

The strand of new DNA that is being replicated towards the replication fork; typically faster

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18
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The strand of new DNA that is being replicated away from the replication fork; typically slower due to additional synthesis of Okazaki fragments

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19
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Segments of 3 nucleotides added to the lagging strand in units

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20
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Enzyme responsible for joining together Okazaki fragments

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21
Q

DNA Replication Machine

A

Proteins used in DNA replication form a large, stationary complex

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22
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

Ability of some polymerase enzymes to proofread DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides

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23
Q

Carcinogens

A

Harmful chemicals/physical agents that can damage DNA and cause cancers

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24
Q

Mutations

A

Spontaneous changes to DNA sequence

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25
Nuclease
Enzyme that cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA
26
Telomeres
Nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomal DNA used to slow the erosion of genes; lengthened by telomerase
27
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and protein (often more loose and linear)
28
Euchromatin
Loosely packed chromatin
29
Heterochromatin
Highly condensed regions of chromatin (centromeres/telomers)
30
Histones
Basic proteins in the nucleus that help condense DNA into chromatin (early formation of chromosomes)
31
Gene Expression
Process in which DNA directs protein synthesis through transcription and translation of certain segments of genetic cod
32
"One-Gene, One-Protein" Hypothesis
Idea that each gene dictates the synthesis of a different protein
33
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA using DNA; produces mRNA
34
Translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide using mRNA; occurs in the ribosomes
35
RNA Processing
Sequence of alterations the initial strand of mRNA undergoes before leaving the nucleus of eukaryotes
36
Primary Transcript
The initial RNA strand produced in the nucleus from the DNA
37
Central Dogma
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
38
Triplet Code
Way of reading DNA in segments of 3 non-overlapping nucleotides
39
Codon
Segment of mRNA that is 3 nucleotides long to correspond with DNA triplet
40
Template Strand
One of the 2 DNA strands that the mRNA is transcribed off of
41
Reading Frame
The correct grouping of mRNA codons that begins at the first AUG
42
RNA Polymerase
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA in transcription
43
Promoter
Regions of DNA that indicate where RNA transcription will begin for a certain gene
44
Terminator
Regions of DNA that indicate where RNA transcription for a specific gene will end
45
Transcription Unit
Stretch of DNA being transcribed
46
Transcription Factors
Proteins that bind upstream of the starting point to mediate the binding of RNA Polymerase
47
TATA Box
Sequence of nucleotides in eukaryotes that the initiation complex is formed around and signals the beginning of transcription
48
5' Cap
Modification added to the 5' end of transcribed RNA that allows for recognition during translation (helps ribosome attach)
49
Poly-A Tail
Modification to the 3' end of the transcribed RNA that protects mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes
50
Introns
Noncoding regions that are removed during RNA splicing
51
Exons
The regions of the RNA molecule that are necessary for the synthesis of the polypeptide chain that are joined together during RNA splicing
52
Spliceosomes
Configuration of enzymes that recognize splice sites on exons
53
Ribozymes
Catalytic RNA that function as an enzyme and assist in splicing process
54
Alternative RNA Splicing
Phenomena that some genes can encode more than 1 kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are deemed exons or introns during splicing
55
Domains (of proteins)
Discrete regions of proteins that vary in function
56
Anticodon
Segment of 3 tRNA nucleotides that complements RNA codons and attaches the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during translation
57
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
Enzyme responsible for matching tRNA molecules with their respective amino acids
58
Release Factor
Protein coded by stop codon that causes the addition of water to the growing polypeptide chain in place of an another amino acid
59
Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)
Molecule that binds to signal peptide and brings it and the free ribosome to the ER for binding
60
Polyribosome
When multiple ribosomes translate a single mRNA simultaneously
61
Point Mutation
Chemical changes in just 1 base pair of a gene which can lead to the possible production of an abnormal protein
62
Nucleotide-Pair Substitution
Replacing of one nucleotide (and its partner) with another pair of nucleotides
63
Silent Mutation
When a mutation has no effect on the amino acid
64
Missense Mutation
When a mutation codes for an amino acid but not the correct one
65
Nonsense Mutation
When a codon is changed that normally codes for an amino acid into a codon that codes for a stop which most often leads to nonfunctional proteins
66
Frameshift Mutation
The addition/deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame
67
Mutagens
Physical/chemical agents that can cause mutations

AP Biology (6 decks)

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