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AP Biology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

Chapters 16 + 17

1
Q

Transformation

A

The change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

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2
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria/archaea; used for genetic research

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3
Q

Virus

A

DNA (sometimes RNA) enclosed by a protective coat that is often a protein

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4
Q

Double Helix

A

The twisted structure of the DNA molecule

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5
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

A

Describes the alternating pattern of deoxyribose and phosphate group that makes up the sides of DNA molecule

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6
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Make up the “rungs” of DNA ladder; adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, (uracil)

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7
Q

Antiparallel

A

The tendency of DNA backbones to run in opposite directions

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8
Q

Purines

A

Double-ringed (larger) nitrogenous bases; adenine and guanine

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Single-ringed (smaller) nitrogenous bases; thymine and cytosine

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10
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Specific points along the DNA molecules where the strands are separated to form a “bubble” where replication can start

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11
Q

Replication Fork

A

Where new DNA strands are elongated

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12
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme responsible for untwisting the double helix at the replication forks

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13
Q

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

A

Proteins that bind to the untwisted strands of DNA for stabilization

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14
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzyme that corrects over winding ahead of the replication fork

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15
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that attaches new nucleotides; cannot start the chain of replicated DNA; works only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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16
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that attaches a short segment known as an RNA primer to unraveled DNA so that polymerase has an open 3’ to attach new nucleotides to

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17
Q

Leading Strand

A

The strand of new DNA that is being replicated towards the replication fork; typically faster

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18
Q

Lagging Strand

A

The strand of new DNA that is being replicated away from the replication fork; typically slower due to additional synthesis of Okazaki fragments

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19
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Segments of 3 nucleotides added to the lagging strand in units

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20
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Enzyme responsible for joining together Okazaki fragments

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21
Q

DNA Replication Machine

A

Proteins used in DNA replication form a large, stationary complex

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22
Q

Mismatch Repair

A

Ability of some polymerase enzymes to proofread DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides

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23
Q

Carcinogens

A

Harmful chemicals/physical agents that can damage DNA and cause cancers

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24
Q

Mutations

A

Spontaneous changes to DNA sequence

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25
Q

Nuclease

A

Enzyme that cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA

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26
Q

Telomeres

A

Nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomal DNA used to slow the erosion of genes; lengthened by telomerase

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27
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and protein (often more loose and linear)

28
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely packed chromatin

29
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Highly condensed regions of chromatin (centromeres/telomers)

30
Q

Histones

A

Basic proteins in the nucleus that help condense DNA into chromatin (early formation of chromosomes)

31
Q

Gene Expression

A

Process in which DNA directs protein synthesis through transcription and translation of certain segments of genetic cod

32
Q

“One-Gene, One-Protein” Hypothesis

A

Idea that each gene dictates the synthesis of a different protein

33
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA using DNA; produces mRNA

34
Q

Translation

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide using mRNA; occurs in the ribosomes

35
Q

RNA Processing

A

Sequence of alterations the initial strand of mRNA undergoes before leaving the nucleus of eukaryotes

36
Q

Primary Transcript

A

The initial RNA strand produced in the nucleus from the DNA

37
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

38
Q

Triplet Code

A

Way of reading DNA in segments of 3 non-overlapping nucleotides

39
Q

Codon

A

Segment of mRNA that is 3 nucleotides long to correspond with DNA triplet

40
Q

Template Strand

A

One of the 2 DNA strands that the mRNA is transcribed off of

41
Q

Reading Frame

A

The correct grouping of mRNA codons that begins at the first AUG

42
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA in transcription

43
Q

Promoter

A

Regions of DNA that indicate where RNA transcription will begin for a certain gene

44
Q

Terminator

A

Regions of DNA that indicate where RNA transcription for a specific gene will end

45
Q

Transcription Unit

A

Stretch of DNA being transcribed

46
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Proteins that bind upstream of the starting point to mediate the binding of RNA Polymerase

47
Q

TATA Box

A

Sequence of nucleotides in eukaryotes that the initiation complex is formed around and signals the beginning of transcription

48
Q

5’ Cap

A

Modification added to the 5’ end of transcribed RNA that allows for recognition during translation (helps ribosome attach)

49
Q

Poly-A Tail

A

Modification to the 3’ end of the transcribed RNA that protects mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes

50
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding regions that are removed during RNA splicing

51
Q

Exons

A

The regions of the RNA molecule that are necessary for the synthesis of the polypeptide chain that are joined together during RNA splicing

52
Q

Spliceosomes

A

Configuration of enzymes that recognize splice sites on exons

53
Q

Ribozymes

A

Catalytic RNA that function as an enzyme and assist in splicing process

54
Q

Alternative RNA Splicing

A

Phenomena that some genes can encode more than 1 kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are deemed exons or introns during splicing

55
Q

Domains (of proteins)

A

Discrete regions of proteins that vary in function

56
Q

Anticodon

A

Segment of 3 tRNA nucleotides that complements RNA codons and attaches the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during translation

57
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase

A

Enzyme responsible for matching tRNA molecules with their respective amino acids

58
Q

Release Factor

A

Protein coded by stop codon that causes the addition of water to the growing polypeptide chain in place of an another amino acid

59
Q

Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)

A

Molecule that binds to signal peptide and brings it and the free ribosome to the ER for binding

60
Q

Polyribosome

A

When multiple ribosomes translate a single mRNA simultaneously

61
Q

Point Mutation

A

Chemical changes in just 1 base pair of a gene which can lead to the possible production of an abnormal protein

62
Q

Nucleotide-Pair Substitution

A

Replacing of one nucleotide (and its partner) with another pair of nucleotides

63
Q

Silent Mutation

A

When a mutation has no effect on the amino acid

64
Q

Missense Mutation

A

When a mutation codes for an amino acid but not the correct one

65
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

When a codon is changed that normally codes for an amino acid into a codon that codes for a stop which most often leads to nonfunctional proteins

66
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

The addition/deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame

67
Q

Mutagens

A

Physical/chemical agents that can cause mutations

AP Biology (6 decks)

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