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AP Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Chapters 1-5

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Process of change that exists through life on Earth

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2
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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3
Q

Emergent Properties

A

Characteristics that nonbiological entities have based on the arrangement/interaction of parts in a system

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4
Q

Reductionism

A

The view of breaking down complex systems/processes into smaller parts to gain understanding

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5
Q

Cell

A

The smallest/simplest form of life

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, universal genetic code

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7
Q

Gene

A

Sections of a chromosome that encode information for specific protein synthesis that show up in phenotypes

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8
Q

Genome

A

An organism’s entire set of genetic instructions

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9
Q

Genomics

A

The study of sets of genes within and between species

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10
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of proteins encoded by the genome varying between species

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11
Q

Ecosystem

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their environment

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12
Q

Environment

A

The physical surroundings in which an organism lives

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13
Q

Cellular Feedback

A

The process by which cells create various chemical pathways to communicate and exchange information

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14
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

A

Individuals vary because of the tendency for favorable traits to be inherited due to competition and environmental adaptation

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15
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Drawing conclusions through logical process and repetition

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16
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Using general premises to make conclusions through hypothesizing

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17
Q

Theory

A

A single possible explanation for a phenomenon that is widely supported/accepted (NOT proven)

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18
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space/has mass

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19
Q

Element

A

The smallest form of a certain substance

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20
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

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21
Q

Essential Elements

A

Essential to life (CHNOPS)

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22
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of its element. Composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons (subatomic particles)

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23
Q

Daltons

A

The molecular unit used to expressed atomic weight

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24
Q

Atomic Number

A

Equal to an element’s number of protons

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25
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Sum of an atom’s protons and neutrons. Can vary between atoms of the same element (isotope)

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26
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element differing in the number of neutrons, thus having different mass numbers

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27
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

The process by which scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many times it has decayed since its initial formation

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28
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to change

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29
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy matter has due to location/structure. Has more capacity to do work and is more ordered and less stable

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30
Q

Valence Electrons

A

The electrons in the outermost shell of the electron cloud of an atom

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31
Q

Covalent Bond

A

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

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32
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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33
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atom’s tendency for attraction (pulling in valence e- towards its nucleus) in a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom, the stronger it pulls shared electrons, thus creating polar bonds

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34
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Atoms that share electrons equally

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35
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Atoms that do NOT share electrons equally causing the compound to be partially charged in different regions

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36
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Atomic bonding in which atoms completely gain or lose a valence electron, causing both atoms to be charged ions

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37
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

When one hydrogen covalently bonds to an electronegative atom that attracts another electronegative atom due to polarity

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38
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A

Attractions between molecules with asymmetrical e-distribution that can be relatively weak

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39
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

The formation/breaking of chemical bonds as atoms interact with one another

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40
Q

Cohesion

A

Water’s ability to connect/stick to other water molecules

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41
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of water molecules to cling to surfaces

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42
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion. This type of energy has less capacity to work (it is doing the work) and is more stable and disordered

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43
Q

Thermal Energy (Heat)

A

The kinetic energy associated with random atomic motion and how atoms will tend to bump into each other under certain conditions

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44
Q

Temperature

A

The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

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45
Q

Specific Heat

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for a single gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius

46
Q

Evaporative Cooling

A

The process in which a liquid transforms into a gas and the remaining surface decreases in temperature due to heat loss

47
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to convert to a gaseous state

48
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency for biological entities to maintain equilibrium through various processes

49
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of substances

50
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent of a solution

51
Q

Solute

A

The substance being dissolved

52
Q

Hydration Shell

A

The tendency of water molecules to surround ions in water as they are drawn to the ions because of their partial charges (polarity)

53
Q

Hydrophobic

A

When a substance does NOT have an affinity for water

54
Q

Hydrophilic

A

When a substance has an affinity/likeness for water

55
Q

Molarity

A

The number of moles of solute per Liter of solution. In other words, concentration

56
Q

Autoionization (of water)

A

When a hydrogen atom shared during hydrogen bonding shifts from one water molecule to the other, dissociating into a hydronium ion and a hydroxyl

57
Q

Acid

A

A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution with a pH less than 7

58
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduces the H+ concentration by reacting with free H+ ions in a solution with a pH greater than 7

59
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution. Often contains a weak acid and its corresponding(conjugate) base

60
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

The tendency of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels to endanger water quality because of CO2 dissolving to form carbonic acid which can be dangerous to marine life

61
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

The branch of chemistry revolving around the study of Carbon-containing compounds

62
Q

Mechanism

A

The view that physical and chemical laws govern life and that life cannot be created inorganically (cell theory)

63
Q

Carbon Skeletons

A

Chains formed by Carbon molecules varying in size due to Carbon’s ability to form up to 4 different bonds

64
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same formula but different molecular structures and properties

65
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Isomers with different bond placements of the atoms

66
Q

Cis-Trans Isomers

A

Isomers with the same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangement (has to occur around a double-bonded Carbon)

67
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that mirror each other structurally

68
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. When broken down in a reaction, they release a large amount of energy

69
Q

Functional Groups

A

The components of organic molecules that cause them to have different chemical properties

70
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

-OH (alcohols) polar, dissolves in water

71
Q

Carbonyl

A

-C=O (ketone-inside;aldehyde-outside)

72
Q

Carboxyl-

A

-COOH (carboxylic acid) acidic

73
Q

Amino

A

-NH2 (amine) acts as a base

74
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

-SH (thiol) create disulfur bridges that stabilize proteins

75
Q

Phosphate

A

-OPO3 2- (organic phosphate) changes the structure and causes movement via phosphorylation

76
Q

Methyl

A

-CH3 (methylated compound) affects phenotypes

77
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Cellular energy to do work. Formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate

78
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large, complex molecules that are the foundation of many biological structures

79
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule made up of many identical smaller units

80
Q

Monomer

A

The repeating units that form polymers

81
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions and can be used over and over again

82
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The process in which 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

83
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process by which polymers are disassembled by the addition of water

84
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides composed of many simple sugars. Monomer=monosaccharides, include a carbonyl group, major fuel source, joined by glycosidic linkage

85
Q

Starches

A

Carbohydrates consisting entirely of glucose monomers

86
Q

Glycogens

A

Carbs used for storage in animal cells. When hydrolyzed, release glucose for present sugar demand

87
Q

Cellulose

A

The polymer of glucose with pleated B sheets (straight). Used for the formation of the cell wall in plants, requires specific enzymes for digestion

88
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharides responsible for exoskeleton creation

89
Q

Microbes

A

Small bacteria that sometimes form symbiotic relationships with animals that need to break down a large amount of cellulose

90
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids with nonrepeating patterns and are very hydrophobic because they are made up primarily of hydrocarbons, bonded by an ester linkage, includes up to 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol (triacylglycerol), primarily used for energy storage

91
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Lipids that have the maximum amount of fatty hydrogen atoms attached to their fatty acid chains, containing no double bonds, straight, compact, and solid at room temperature

92
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

Lipids that have 1 or more double bonded hydrogen which causes a bent structure in the fatty acid chain, liquid at room temperature

93
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding another hydrogen which breaks the double bond and forms a trans double bond instead

94
Q

Adipose Cells

A

Cells specialized in long term food storage that can cushion vital organs and insulate

95
Q

Phospholipid

A

When 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol. They have a hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) and a hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and layer together to form the cell membrane

96
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids that have a carbon skeleton of 4 rings which can alter the fluidity of the cell membrane and act as signaling molecules

97
Q

Amino Acid

A

Organic molecules with an amino and carboxyl group as well as a differing R-group that gives it its specific property and plays a role in protein folding

98
Q

Polypeptide Chain

A

The unbranched polymer of amino acids when they combine using peptide bonds. Have an N-terminus and C-terminus side, NCC backbone

99
Q

Proteins

A

Macromolecule that is made up of amino acids and is essential to life

100
Q

Primary Structure

A

Amino acid chain

101
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Folding within the polypeptide chain with hydrogen bonding bringing the chain into a helix shape

102
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Interactions between the R-groups that causes the amino acid chain to bend and twist

103
Q

Quarternary Structure

A

The folding and interaction of multiple polypeptide chains

104
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of a protein’s natural/intended structure due to misfolding, deeming it inactive

105
Q

Chaperonins

A

Proteins that assist in protein folding by providing a closed environment to ensure accuracy

106
Q

X-Ray Crystallography

A

The use of x-rays to determine protein structure

107
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

The macromolecule responsible for genetic material and information, DNA or RNA, monomer=nucleotides (consisting of a nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate group), joined together by phosphodiester bonds

108
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogen bases with single 6-membered rings (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil)

109
Q

Purines

A

Nitrogen bases with both a 6-membered ring and a 5-membered ring (Adenine and Guanine)

110
Q

Bioinformatics

A

A scientific attempt to predict protein structure from amino acid sequences

AP Biology (6 decks)

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