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AP Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

Chapters 11 + 12

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1
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

The ability of bacteria to sense local population densities if they have a concentration of signaling molecules

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2
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Sections that can directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells in plants and animals

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3
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Type of local signaling in animals that relies on growth factors to stimulate nearby cells to grow and divide; occurs when signal molecules bind to receptors

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4
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Local signaling in animals that occurs when a neurotransmitter is released in response to an electric signal

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5
Q

Hormones

A

Type of long distance signaling chemical; endocrine signaling

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6
Q

Ligand

A

The specific signal molecule that attaches to its receptor on or in the target cell

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7
Q

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

A

Lie on the cells’ surface and work with G Proteins to transduce signals across the plasma membrane

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8
Q

GTP

A

Type of cellular energy that plays a role in signaling pathways

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9
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

A

Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines; can trigger multiple pathways at once

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10
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A

Act as a gate that opens/closes when receptor changes shape due to binding

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11
Q

Transcription Factor

A

Certain complexes that can turn specific genes on/off

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12
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Process by which phosphates are transferred from ATP to protein which yields ADP

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13
Q

Phosphorylation Cascade

A

System of “passing down the phosphate” in which many relay molecules work together with one signal

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14
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

Process that removes phosphates from proteins

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15
Q

Second Messengers

A

Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules/ions that spread throughout cell by diffusion and participate in signaling pathways

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16
Q

Scaffolding Proteins

A

Large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached that increase signal transduction efficiency by grouping together related proteins within the same pathway

17
Q

Apoptosis

A

Process of “programmed cell death” that is carried out by cells that have reached the end of their lifespan or have irreparable damage

18
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Duration of a cell’s life from formation to division

19
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA that can be found in each species

20
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Nonreproductive cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes that exist as a pair

21
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells that have a single set of chromosomes

22
Q

Centromere

A

Narrow junction point of duplicated chromosomes where chromatids attach

23
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

The two identical copies of a chromosome resulting from DNA replication before mitosis

24
Q

Cohesions

A

Areas where sister chromatids are attached

25
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of genetic material in the nucleus which conserves the number of chromosomes in its daughter cells

26
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

27
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

A structure made of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis

28
Q

Centrosome

A

Organelle in animal cells were the mitotic spindles are formed

29
Q

Kinectochores

A

Protein complexes associated with centromeres where spindle microtubules attach to

30
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

Horizontal plane between spindle poles where chromosomes align during Metaphase

31
Q

Separase

A

Enzyme that cleaves cohesions between sister chromatids during anaphase

32
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

The splitting/formation of the new plasma membrane in animal cells undergoing cytokinesis

33
Q

Cell Plate

A

The new cell wall formed in plant cells undergoing cytokinesis

34
Q

Binary Fission

A

Method of prokaryotic reproduction in which the 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart (requires no spindles, microtubules, or centromeres)

35
Q

“Checkpoints”

A

Specific places in the cell cycle that require a signal for the cell to move into the next phase of division

36
Q

Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF)

A

A protein signal that triggers cell’s passage past G2 checkpoint; cell enters M phase

37
Q

Growth Factors

A

External signals released by certain cells that stimulate cell division

38
Q

Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

When a crowded cellular environment stops cells from dividing

39
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Cells must be attached to a substratum (surface) in order to divide

AP Biology (6 decks)

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