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AP Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Chapters 8-10

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1
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Process in which some organisms convert energy to light

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions that allow for work and functionality

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that release energy by disassembling complex molecules and breaking bonds

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that consume energy from the environment so they can build complex molecules from smaller ones

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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

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6
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change and perform work

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7
Q

Chemical Energy

A

The energy available for release from a chemical reaction

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8
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformation

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9
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy associated with motion

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10
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The random movement of atoms/molecules as a type of kinetic energy

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11
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy matter possesses because of location and structure

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12
Q

Spontaneous Processes

A

Reactions that occur without energy input and naturally increase the disorder of the universe

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13
Q

Entropy

A

Disorder

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14
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created nor destroyed

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15
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

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16
Q

Enthalpy

A

The total energy of a system (often heat)

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17
Q

Free Energy

A

The measure of a system’s instability and the likelihood of atomic motion and interaction. Reactions occur in order to reach a more stable state

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

The state of maximum systematic stability. Once equilibrium is reached, no more work can occur

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19
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that proceed with a net release of free energy, spontaneous, negative delta G

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20
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that absorb free energy from their surroundings, nonspontaneous, positive delta G

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21
Q

Energy Coupling

A

The cells’ use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones and conserve energy

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22
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule which changes the shape and function as well as releases energy when the phosphate group “pops” off

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23
Q

Phosphorylated Intermediate

A

The bound inorganic phosphate to its recipient molecule during phosphorylation

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24
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed, and instead can be used multiple times

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25
Q

Activation Energy

A

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction often supplied as thermal energy (heat)

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26
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant(s) that an enzyme interacts/binds with

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27
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

The bound substrate to its enzyme at the beginning of the reaction

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28
Q

Active Site

A

The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds to, it usually has an induced fit which orients the substrate in a way that enhances the enzyme’s ability to catalyze the reaction

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29
Q

Enzyme

A

A type of protein that lowers the activation energy for a reaction by orienting substrates correction, placing stress on substrate bonds, providing a closed microenvironment for the reaction to take place, and covalently binding to the substrate causing orbitals to hybridize.

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30
Q

Cofactor

A

A nonprotein enzyme that helps catalyze the reaction such as metals and vitamins

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31
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic protein that assists the enzyme during catalysis

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32
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

When another molecule directly binds to the active site in place of the intended substrate

33
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

When another molecule binds to another part of the enzyme, changing its shape to where the substrate can no longer fit in the new shape of the active site

34
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

When a regulatory molecule binds to a protein and affects the protein’s shape and function at a different site. This is done controllably so through gene regulation

35
Q

Cooperativity

A

When one substrate molecule’s binding primes the enzyme to act on additional substrate molecules which catalyze the substrates at a different site more effectively

36
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

When the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down/ends further use of the pathway/enzyme for the time being. This prevents the cell from wasting resources since it only produces what is needed by the cell at that specific time

37
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

The consumption of organic molecules and oxygen to yield ATP for the cell

38
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

The breakdown of large organic compounds ending with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen and producing water

39
Q

Fermentation

A

The partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the presence of oxygen. Only glycolysis can occur, and it yields different products: ethanol and lactic acid

40
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The process by which cells break down large molecules into glucose and use those molecules of glucose to emit ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

41
Q

Redox Reactions

A

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions which releases stored energy

42
Q

Oxidation

A

When a substance loses electrons

43
Q

Reduction

A

When a substance gains electrons, its charge is being reduced (more negative)

44
Q

Reducing Agent

A

The electron donor/molecule that is being oxidized

45
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

The electron acceptor/molecule that is being reduced

46
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

The passage of electrons through a series of steps which ultimately powers ATP synthesis

47
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

Minor ATP production via a phosphorylated intermediate rather than inorganic phosphate (glycolysis and Krebs cycle)

48
Q

Glycolysis

A

The splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate which occurs in the cytoplasm and yields 2 ATP. This stage does not require O2

49
Q

Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle

A

The process in which pyruvate molecules are oxidized and large amounts of CO2 are emitted. 2 ATP are also yielded from the cycle and it requires O2 to regenerate NAD+ and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

50
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

This step allows for pyruvate to cross into the mitochondria by being converted to acetyl coenzyme A

51
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The process in which most of the ATP is produced (26-28) via the electron transport chain. This step occurs within the mitochondrial cristae

52
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Small organic molecules that alternate from reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons (NAD+ and FAD 2+)

53
Q

Cytochromes

A

Proteins that include iron atoms and play an important role in electron transport because they act as a cofactor

54
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The use of energy from the H+ gradient to drive cellular work

55
Q

ATP Synthase

A

The enzyme that acts as a hydraulic pump funneling electrons as they travel down the ETC and are received by oxygen, forming water which indirectly causes ADP to interact with inorganic phosphate and form large amounts of ATP

56
Q

Proton-Motive Force

A

The H+ gradient’s ability to do work for the cell

57
Q

Kinases

A

Enzymes involved with ATP/ADP phosphorylation

58
Q

Isomerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes reactions that create isomers

59
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process used by autotrophs to convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP and sugars)

60
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that sustain themselves without eating other organisms by producing their own fuel/food

61
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their energy from other organisms through consumption

62
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The cellular organelle that organisms possess if they carry out photosynthesis (ex. plants and some prokaryotes)

63
Q

Mesophyll Cells

A

The cells that make up the interior tissue of leaves

64
Q

Stomata

A

Microscopic plant pores that can be opened or closed

65
Q

Stroma

A

The “cytoplasm” of the chloroplast, dense fluid that is found between the thylakoids and the chloroplast’s double membrane

66
Q

Thylakoids

A

The connected sacs found in the chloroplast that create a 3rd membrane system for photosynthesis to take place. Chlorophyll pigments are contained here

67
Q

Grana/Granum

A

Stack/column of thylakoids

68
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The pigment that gives leaves their green color by reflecting green light and absorbing other wavelengths in the form of photons

69
Q

Light Reactions

A

Takes place in the thylakoids, splits water and releases oxygen, hydrogen ions from water reduce the NADP+ electron acceptor and ATP

70
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Process of using light (absorbed in the form of photons) to bounce chlorophyll electrons to an excited state and when they fall back down to stabilize the molecule, energy is released which drives the production of ATP via ATP synthase

71
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Occurs in the stroma, uses the ATP and NADPH formed in light reactions, incorporates CO2 into organic molecules (sugar) by process of carbon fixation

72
Q

Photosystem

A

A biochemical mechanism that allows for the chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis at different wavelengths

73
Q

Reaction-Center Complex

A

Protein where chlorophyll is located and releases its excited electron to the primary electron acceptor (NADP+) within the membrane of the thylakoid

74
Q

Light-Harvesting Complexes

A

Pigment molecules that transfer the energy of photons to the reaction-center complex

75
Q

G3P

A

Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate; the product of carbon fixation which can be classified as a type of sugar molecule (stored energy)

76
Q

Rubisco

A

The enzyme that catalyzes the Calvin cycle, must be regenerated

77
Q

Photorespiration

A

A metabolic process in which rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle which wastes energy in the long run and produces a 2-C sugar instead

78
Q

C4 Plants

A

Variety of plants that minimize photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into 4-C compounds (ex. maize, sugar cane)

79
Q

Bundle-Sheath Cells

A

The tightly packed cells that surround the veins of the leaf

AP Biology (6 decks)

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