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AP Biology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

Chapters 13, 14, + 15

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1
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Genetic Variation

A

The demonstrated differences between individuals of the same species

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3
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity and variation

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4
Q

Locus

A

The specific position on a chromosome where certain genes are located

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5
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that only requires a single individual’s DNA and produces identical offspring (clones)

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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that requires 2 individual’s DNA to produce unique daughter cells with combinations of genes from both parents

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes in a cell

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8
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that pair up and are about the same size/ contain the same genetic information (yet possibly different alleles)

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9
Q

Tetrad

A

The entire unit of homologs with 4 chromosomes total

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10
Q

Autosomes

A

The pairs of chromosomes that exclude the sex chromosomes (1-22 in humans)

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11
Q

Diploid Cells

A

Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

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12
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes (n)

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13
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of 2 gametes (1 from each parent) that produces a single diploid cell –> zygote

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14
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Life cycles other organisms exhibit with both diploid and haploid multicellular stages

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15
Q

Chiasmata

A

X-shaped regions shared by homologous pairs were crossing over occurs in Prophase I

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16
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

Zipper-like structure that holds homologs together

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17
Q

Alleles

A

Different variations of gene expressions for a particular trait; dominant or recessive

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18
Q

Recombinant Chromosomes

A

The resulting chromosomes after crossing over

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19
Q

Random Fertilization

A

Process in which any sperm has the chance of fusing with any ovum (unfertilized egg); gametes undergoing meiosis are not chosen

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20
Q

Natural Selection

A

The evolutionary favoritism of genes that chance survival by environment

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21
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals of the same species

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22
Q

Trait

A

Each variant for a character

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23
Q

True-Bred

A

Used to describe individuals that are in a long-line of homozygous phenotypes

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24
Q

Hybridization

A

Process of mating 2 contrasting true-bred individuals

25
Q

P Generation

A

The true-bred parents

26
Q

F1 Generation

A

The hybrid offspring

27
Q

F2 Generation

A

Result of F1 individuals self-pollinating or cross-pollinating with other F1 individuals

28
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

During meiosis, the 2 alleles segregate and each gamete has equal probability of containing either allele

29
Q

Dominant Trait

A

The allele that when heterozygous is present in the phenotype of the individual over the recessive phenotype; masks recessive trait

30
Q

Recessive Trait

A

Allele that is masked by dominant allele when heterozygous, so only expressed phenotypically when homozygous for recessive

31
Q

Homozygous

A

When an organism has 2 identical alleles for a character

32
Q

Heterozygous

A

When an organism has 2 different alleles for a gene

33
Q

Testcrossing

A

When an individual is bred with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype as either heterozygous or homozygous dominant

34
Q

Monohybrid

A

Offspring produced that are heterozygous for a character (F1 generation)

35
Q

Dihybrid

A

When 2 true-breeding parents differing in 2 characters are crossed so the offspring is heterozygous for both traits

36
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Each pair of alleles on nonhomologous chromosomes separate independently of each other pair of alleles due to the random sorting of homologs along the metaphase plate (not all maternal DNA lines up one side and not all paternal DNA on the other)

37
Q

Multicharacter Cross

A

When 2+ independent monohybrid crosses occur simultaneously

38
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Heterozygous phenotypes reflect a mixture of the two homozygous phenotypes (no allele is completely dominant over the other)

39
Q

Codominance

A

Both phenotypes are expressed when heterozygous

40
Q

Plieotropy

A

Property of most genes to have multiple phenotypic effects

41
Q

Epistasis

A

When a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus

42
Q

Quantitative Characters

A

Characters that vary across a population

43
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Additive effect of multiple genes on a single phenotype

44
Q

Multifactoral

A

Genes that can be influence by environmental influences during inheritance

45
Q

Carriers

A

Heterozygous individuals that appear phenotypically normal but can pass down the recessive allele to their offspring (especially dangerous regarding sex-linked genes in heterozygous mothers)

46
Q

Wild Type

A

Describes predominantly common phenotypes observed within a population

47
Q

Mutant Phenotypes

A

Alternative traits from the wild type

48
Q

Sex-Linked Genes

A

A gene that is located on either sex chromosome (X or Y); males have a higher chance of inheriting the recessive phenotype

49
Q

Barr Body

A

A mass in the nucleus of female cells that is created from the inactive X chromosome condensing

50
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together due to location; goes against Mendel’s second law

51
Q

Parental Phenotypes

A

Inherited phenotypes that mirror the phenotypes expressed by the parents

52
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

The production of offspring with a combination of traits differing from either parent –> recombinants

53
Q

Genetic Map

A

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

54
Q

Linkage Map

A

A genetic map of a chromosome drawn based on recombination frequencies

55
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When pairs of homologous chromosomes (or sister chromatids) do not separate correctly during meiosis

56
Q

Aneuploidy

A

The result of fertilizing gametes in which nondisjunction has occurred; zygotes have abnormal (extra/missing) chromosomes

57
Q

Polyploidy

A

Condition in which an organism has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes

58
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

Variations in phenotypes that depend on which parent passed down the allele due to the silencing of genes caused by methylation of cysteine nucleotides

59
Q

Extranuclear Genes

A

Genes found in the organelles in the cytoplasm (mitochondrial, chloroplast, and ribosomal DNA)

AP Biology (6 decks)

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