Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

Chapters 13, 14, + 15 (59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genetic Variation

A

The demonstrated differences between individuals of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity and variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Locus

A

The specific position on a chromosome where certain genes are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that only requires a single individual’s DNA and produces identical offspring (clones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that requires 2 individual’s DNA to produce unique daughter cells with combinations of genes from both parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Karyotype

A

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that pair up and are about the same size/ contain the same genetic information (yet possibly different alleles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tetrad

A

The entire unit of homologs with 4 chromosomes total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autosomes

A

The pairs of chromosomes that exclude the sex chromosomes (1-22 in humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diploid Cells

A

Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of 2 gametes (1 from each parent) that produces a single diploid cell –> zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Life cycles other organisms exhibit with both diploid and haploid multicellular stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chiasmata

A

X-shaped regions shared by homologous pairs were crossing over occurs in Prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

Zipper-like structure that holds homologs together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alleles

A

Different variations of gene expressions for a particular trait; dominant or recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Recombinant Chromosomes

A

The resulting chromosomes after crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Random Fertilization

A

Process in which any sperm has the chance of fusing with any ovum (unfertilized egg); gametes undergoing meiosis are not chosen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Natural Selection

A

The evolutionary favoritism of genes that chance survival by environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trait

A

Each variant for a character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True-Bred

A

Used to describe individuals that are in a long-line of homozygous phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hybridization

Study These Flashcards
A

Process of mating 2 contrasting true-bred individuals

25
P Generation
The true-bred parents
26
F1 Generation
The hybrid offspring
27
F2 Generation
Result of F1 individuals self-pollinating or cross-pollinating with other F1 individuals
28
Mendel's Law of Segregation
During meiosis, the 2 alleles segregate and each gamete has equal probability of containing either allele
29
Dominant Trait
The allele that when heterozygous is present in the phenotype of the individual over the recessive phenotype; masks recessive trait
30
Recessive Trait
Allele that is masked by dominant allele when heterozygous, so only expressed phenotypically when homozygous for recessive
31
Homozygous
When an organism has 2 identical alleles for a character
32
Heterozygous
When an organism has 2 different alleles for a gene
33
Testcrossing
When an individual is bred with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype as either heterozygous or homozygous dominant
34
Monohybrid
Offspring produced that are heterozygous for a character (F1 generation)
35
Dihybrid
When 2 true-breeding parents differing in 2 characters are crossed so the offspring is heterozygous for both traits
36
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
Each pair of alleles on nonhomologous chromosomes separate independently of each other pair of alleles due to the random sorting of homologs along the metaphase plate (not all maternal DNA lines up one side and not all paternal DNA on the other)
37
Multicharacter Cross
When 2+ independent monohybrid crosses occur simultaneously
38
Incomplete Dominance
Heterozygous phenotypes reflect a mixture of the two homozygous phenotypes (no allele is completely dominant over the other)
39
Codominance
Both phenotypes are expressed when heterozygous
40
Plieotropy
Property of most genes to have multiple phenotypic effects
41
Epistasis
When a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus
42
Quantitative Characters
Characters that vary across a population
43
Polygenic Inheritance
Additive effect of multiple genes on a single phenotype
44
Multifactoral
Genes that can be influence by environmental influences during inheritance
45
Carriers
Heterozygous individuals that appear phenotypically normal but can pass down the recessive allele to their offspring (especially dangerous regarding sex-linked genes in heterozygous mothers)
46
Wild Type
Describes predominantly common phenotypes observed within a population
47
Mutant Phenotypes
Alternative traits from the wild type
48
Sex-Linked Genes
A gene that is located on either sex chromosome (X or Y); males have a higher chance of inheriting the recessive phenotype
49
Barr Body
A mass in the nucleus of female cells that is created from the inactive X chromosome condensing
50
Linked Genes
Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together due to location; goes against Mendel's second law
51
Parental Phenotypes
Inherited phenotypes that mirror the phenotypes expressed by the parents
52
Genetic Recombination
The production of offspring with a combination of traits differing from either parent --> recombinants
53
Genetic Map
An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
54
Linkage Map
A genetic map of a chromosome drawn based on recombination frequencies
55
Nondisjunction
When pairs of homologous chromosomes (or sister chromatids) do not separate correctly during meiosis
56
Aneuploidy
The result of fertilizing gametes in which nondisjunction has occurred; zygotes have abnormal (extra/missing) chromosomes
57
Polyploidy
Condition in which an organism has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
58
Genomic Imprinting
Variations in phenotypes that depend on which parent passed down the allele due to the silencing of genes caused by methylation of cysteine nucleotides
59
Extranuclear Genes
Genes found in the organelles in the cytoplasm (mitochondrial, chloroplast, and ribosomal DNA)

AP Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions