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AP Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

Chapters 6+7

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1
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Allow for images of living processes in which light is passed through a stained specimen

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2
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Can get a detailed and much more magnified image as electrons are traveling through the unstained speciman

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3
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

The process that deconstructs cell parts (organelles) by separating them by force

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4
Q

Centrifuge

A

The machine that spins the specimen being fractionated

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5
Q

Supernatant

A

The liquid separated from the dense pellet after cell fractionation. This part contains the cell parts not being studied

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6
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells that have compartmentalized sections (organelles) that carry out specific processes, a nucleus, and are often multicelled organisms

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells that are much smaller, contain no organelles or nucleus, and usually exist as a unicellular organism

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8
Q

Nucleoid

A

The unbound region in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is stored

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9
Q

Flagella/Cilia

A

Extracellular expenditures that are responsible for cellular movement in prokaryotes (and select eukaryotes)

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10
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Microscopic pores on the nucleus that regulates which substances exit and enter the nucleus, most commonly mRNA

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12
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

The fluid area between the double membrane of the nucleus that helps maintain its shape

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

The dense area within the nucleus responsible for rRNA synthesis

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Non-membrane bound structures that are responsible for protein synthesis in all cells

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15
Q

Endomembrane System

A

The collection of organelles that regulate protein traffic (Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosome, Vauole, Plasma Membrane)

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16
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane-bound proteins that transport materials across the cell

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17
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates used for cell signaling

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

The membrane-bound organelle that modifies ER products and sorts them into transport vesicles

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19
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle found in animal cells that uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down large macromolecules

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process in which the cell engulfs another cell, forming a food vacuole. The lysosome then fuses with the food vacuole to digest the molecules inside

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21
Q

Autophagy

A

When lysosomes digest and recycle organelles that aren’t being used by the cell by breaking them down

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22
Q

Vacuole

A

Large vesicles originating from the ER/Golgi that are used for storage

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane-bound organelles that carry out cellular respiration and contain their own proteins, ribosomes, and DNA

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24
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Double membrane-bound organelles found in plants where photosynthesis occurs. They contain chlorophyll, thylakoids, ribosomes, DNA, and stroma

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25
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

This theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once their own prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a larger eukaryotic cell. This theory is supported by the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double-membrane, contain free ribosomes and DNA, and grow and reproduce (split) independently within the cell

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26
Q

Plastids

A

Name given to organelles specific to plants

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27
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Specialized oxidative organelles that monitor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels by decomposing H2O2 into water and oxygen

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28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that organizes organelles (fits them in place) and provides structural support for the cell

29
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow rods that shape the cell and place organelles on tracks to be anchored in place. They also are responsible for chromosome separation during cell division

30
Q

Centrosome

A

Where microtubules grow out of in animals cells

31
Q

Centrioles

A

Compose the centrosome, made of 3 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

32
Q

Microfilaments

A

The solid rods arranged in a twisted double chain made of actin subunits that bear tension within the cell

33
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Extracellular extensions that allow cells to “crawl” across a surface

34
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

The flow of cytoplasm within the cell which is important for the distribution of materials and nutrients

35
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Permanent fixtures that support cell shape and fix organelles in place

36
Q

Cell Wall

A

The extracellular surrounding layer in plant cells and prokaryotes that protects the cell from its environment and allows for increased water intake

37
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

The system made of glycoproteins in animal cells that regulate cellular behavior by communicating with other cells

38
Q

Integrins

A

Receptor proteins found in the membrane of animal cells

39
Q

Cell Junctions

A

The cellular communication (by adhering/interacting) through direct physical contact via tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

40
Q

Amphipathic

A

When a molecule contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

41
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

States that the cell membrane is made up of various parts that contribute to its fluidity (proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol)

42
Q

Cholesterol

A

Type of lipid that can stabilize membrane fluidity when temperatures change

43
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins bound to the surface of the membrane either on the extracellular side or the cytoplasmic side

44
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Membrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

45
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Membrane proteins that stretch the entire width of the phospholipid bilayer (poking out at each end)

46
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Transport proteins with a hydrophilic channel that allow for the straight passage of charged particles

47
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Transport proteins with hydrophilic bonding sites that change shape when bonded and “push” the molecule through the phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins specific for the facilitation of water across the membrane

49
Q

Diffusion

A

The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly in order to maintain an equal concentration

50
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

When concentrations across a membrane are equal yet molecules keep diffusing, just in equal ratios

51
Q

Passive Transport

A

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with NO outside energy expended by the cell

52
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive transport assisted by a transmembrane protein

53
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water

54
Q

Water Potential

A

The potential energy/probability of water movement from one solution to another due to solute potential and pressure potential. Water always flows to an area of lower water potential

55
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability solutions to cause water loss or gain within the cell

56
Q

Isotonic

A

When the solute concentration of a solution equals the solute concentration of the cell and there is no net movement

57
Q

Hypertonic

A

When the solute concentration of a solution is greater than the solute concentration of the cell and diffusion occurs in favor of the higher solute conc (the solution)

58
Q

Hypotonic

A

When the solute concentration of a solution is less than the solute concentration of the cell and diffusion occurs in favor of the higher solute conc (the cell)

59
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When the plasma membrane of a plant cell contracts away from the cell wall due to excessive water loss

60
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The control of solute concentration to maintain water balance within a system, necessary for adaptation

61
Q

Active Transport

A

The diffusion of substances against their concentration gradient in which extra energy is required

62
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The voltage difference across a membrane. The cell is charged with a slight positive emphasis on its extracellular side and a slight negative emphasis on its cytoplasmic side

63
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

The combination of chemical and electrical forces that drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane

64
Q

Electrogenic (Proton) Pump

A

A transport protein that generates a voltage (pressure to push ions through)

65
Q

Cotransport

A

Occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives the transport of another substance

66
Q

Exocytosis

A

When vesicles fuse with the membrane to release its waste contents out of the cell

67
Q

Endocytosis

A

When the cell takes in macromolecules by allowing for a membrane to fold inside

68
Q

Pinocytosis

A

When a cell intakes fluid and nutrients from outside the cell via vesicle

69
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

When a cell acquires specific substances due to receptor proteins on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane that bind with the desired molecules before being engulfed

AP Biology (6 decks)

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