Unit 6

Question 1

Changing Criterion Design

Answer 1

The treatment phase is divided into subphases.Each subphase involves a different behavioral criterion (different value of the IV)Criterion in each subphase more closely resembles the terminal behavioral goal

Question 2

Advantages of Changing Criterion Designs

Answer 2

Treatments do NOT have to be withdrawnDoes NOT require multiple baselines, subjects or settingsAll subjects can receive treatment after the same length of baseline

Question 3

Limitations of Changing Criterion Designs

Answer 3

Difficult to interpret when behavior does not closely match criteria

Question 4

When to use Changing Criterion Designs

Answer 4

When it is meaningful to measure behavior change in stepwise increments. Used to demonstrate experimental control during fading and shaping procedures

Question 5

Bi-Directional Change

Answer 5

Implement bi-directional changes to bolster demonstration of experimental controlChanging criteria to a previous subphase value and observing that behavior reverts to that criterion

Question 6

Alternating Treatments Design (Multielement Design)

Answer 6

Rapid alternation of two or more IVs or the levels of the IV
Repeated measurement of behavior while conditions alternate rapidly
IVs continue alternating independent of the level of responding

Question 7

Common uses of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Design

Answer 7

Rapid comparison of treatment tobaseline
Comparison of two or more treatments
Comparison of twoor more assessment conditions
Yoked elements

Question 8

3 Variations of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Designs

Answer 8

Multielement + pretreatment BaselineMultielement with No BaselineMultielement with Baseline + a final treatment phase

Question 9

Advantages of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Designs

Answer 9

Can compare treatments while minimizing sequence effects.
Useful for highly variable behavior that fluctuates as a function of non-experimental variables.
Can be more efficient (in terms of number of session) than other designs

Question 10

Limitations of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Designs

Answer 10

Subject to multiple treatment interference.
Unsuitable for individuals that have problems forming discriminations.
Limited to behavior that is reversible (or pliable).
Less suitable for interventions that produce change slowly or require continuous implementation.
May require counterbalancing.

Question 11

Design Combinations

Answer 11

Inclusion of elements from two or more designs within the same experimentOften not planned, but used to enhance conclusions as the data evolve

Question 12

Possible Design Combinations

Answer 12

Combined Reversal and MultielementCombined Reversaland Multiple BaselineCombined Multiple Baseline and Multielement

Question 13

Component Analyses/Sequential Withdrawal

Answer 13

Systematically withdrawing treatment components to see if behavior change is maintained

Question 14

Uses of Component Analyses/Sequential Withdrawal

Answer 14

Used to evaluate maintenance of treatment effects in the absence of the interventionUsed as a fading process

Question 15

Parametric Analysis

Answer 15

The systematic examination of the effects of a range of values of the IV (Not just absence vs. presence of the IV)

Question 16

Probes

Answer 16

Assessment of behavior on occasions when the contingencies arranged in the analysis are not in effectUsed to evaluate whether treatment effects are evident before treatment occurs

Question 17

Extraneous Variables

Answer 17

Events not related to the IV that mayaffect the dependent variableHave the potential to alter the results if not controlled

Question 18

Confound

Answer 18

An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DVLikely to have altered the results

Question 19

3 Common Types of Confounds

Answer 19

Multiple treatment interference
Sequence effects
Carry over effects

Question 20

Multiple Treatment Interference

Answer 20

If subjects are exposed to multiple treatments, conclusions about the outcomes of each may be restricted to that specific context, and treatments may have produced a different effect in isolation

Question 21

Sequence Effects

Answer 21

The effects on a person’s behavior in one condition can be influenced by the subject’s experience in a prior condition

Question 22

Carry Over Effects

Answer 22

Patterns of behavior established in one session may inadvertently extend into a second session even if the IVs are very different, calling into question theobservationsin the subsequent session

Question 23

How to minimize Confounds

Answer 23

Manipulate only one IV at a time
Counterbalance the designEnhance discriminability
When multiple treatments are compared, end with a final evaluation in isolation

Question 24

2 Types of Errors involved in the analysis of Single-subject designs

Answer 24

Type I Error

Type II Error

Question 25

Type I Error

Answer 25

Concluding that the independent variable has produced a change in the dependent variable when in fact the relationdoes not exist(False positive)

Question 26

Type II Error

Answer 26

Concluding that the independent variable has not produced a change in the dependent variable when in fact it has(False negative)

Question 27

Procedural Integrity

Answer 27

The extent to which the independent variables are implemented as dictated by the research or treatment plan

Question 28

Procedural Drift

Answer 28

An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the studyOver time may change behavior in the absence of a planned change in the IV

Question 29

Social Validity

Answer 29

Examination of the acceptability or viability of a programmed interventionAre the changes in behavior of clinical or applied importance

Question 30

Types of Social Validity

Answer 30

Of goals and targets Ofprocedures Of results

Question 31

Ways to measure social validity

Answer 31

Subjective evaluation Social comparison Consumer choice