Unit 6 Flashcards
Changing Criterion Design
The treatment phase is divided into subphases.Each subphase involves a different behavioral criterion (different value of the IV)Criterion in each subphase more closely resembles the terminal behavioral goal
Advantages of Changing Criterion Designs
Treatments do NOT have to be withdrawnDoes NOT require multiple baselines, subjects or settingsAll subjects can receive treatment after the same length of baseline
Limitations of Changing Criterion Designs
Difficult to interpret when behavior does not closely match criteria
When to use Changing Criterion Designs
When it is meaningful to measure behavior change in stepwise increments. Used to demonstrate experimental control during fading and shaping procedures
Bi-Directional Change
Implement bi-directional changes to bolster demonstration of experimental controlChanging criteria to a previous subphase value and observing that behavior reverts to that criterion
Alternating Treatments Design (Multielement Design)
Rapid alternation of two or more IVs or the levels of the IV
Repeated measurement of behavior while conditions alternate rapidly
IVs continue alternating independent of the level of responding
Common uses of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Design
Rapid comparison of treatment tobaseline
Comparison of two or more treatments
Comparison of twoor more assessment conditions
Yoked elements
3 Variations of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Designs
Multielement + pretreatment BaselineMultielement with No BaselineMultielement with Baseline + a final treatment phase
Advantages of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Designs
Can compare treatments while minimizing sequence effects.
Useful for highly variable behavior that fluctuates as a function of non-experimental variables.
Can be more efficient (in terms of number of session) than other designs
Limitations of Alternating Treatments (Multielement) Designs
Subject to multiple treatment interference.
Unsuitable for individuals that have problems forming discriminations.
Limited to behavior that is reversible (or pliable).
Less suitable for interventions that produce change slowly or require continuous implementation.
May require counterbalancing.
Design Combinations
Inclusion of elements from two or more designs within the same experimentOften not planned, but used to enhance conclusions as the data evolve
Possible Design Combinations
Combined Reversal and MultielementCombined Reversaland Multiple BaselineCombined Multiple Baseline and Multielement
Component Analyses/Sequential Withdrawal
Systematically withdrawing treatment components to see if behavior change is maintained
Uses of Component Analyses/Sequential Withdrawal
Used to evaluate maintenance of treatment effects in the absence of the interventionUsed as a fading process
Parametric Analysis
The systematic examination of the effects of a range of values of the IV (Not just absence vs. presence of the IV)
Probes
Assessment of behavior on occasions when the contingencies arranged in the analysis are not in effectUsed to evaluate whether treatment effects are evident before treatment occurs
Extraneous Variables
Events not related to the IV that mayaffect the dependent variableHave the potential to alter the results if not controlled
Confound
An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DVLikely to have altered the results
3 Common Types of Confounds
Multiple treatment interference
Sequence effects
Carry over effects
Multiple Treatment Interference
If subjects are exposed to multiple treatments, conclusions about the outcomes of each may be restricted to that specific context, and treatments may have produced a different effect in isolation
Sequence Effects
The effects on a person’s behavior in one condition can be influenced by the subject’s experience in a prior condition
Carry Over Effects
Patterns of behavior established in one session may inadvertently extend into a second session even if the IVs are very different, calling into question theobservationsin the subsequent session
How to minimize Confounds
Manipulate only one IV at a time
Counterbalance the designEnhance discriminability
When multiple treatments are compared, end with a final evaluation in isolation
2 Types of Errors involved in the analysis of Single-subject designs
Type I Error
Type II Error
Type I Error
Concluding that the independent variable has produced a change in the dependent variable when in fact the relationdoes not exist(False positive)
Type II Error
Concluding that the independent variable has not produced a change in the dependent variable when in fact it has(False negative)
Procedural Integrity
The extent to which the independent variables are implemented as dictated by the research or treatment plan
Procedural Drift
An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the studyOver time may change behavior in the absence of a planned change in the IV
Social Validity
Examination of the acceptability or viability of a programmed interventionAre the changes in behavior of clinical or applied importance
Types of Social Validity
Of goals and targets
Ofprocedures
Of results
Ways to measure social validity
Subjective evaluation
Social comparison
Consumer choice
