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G9 + 10 IH > unit 6 + 7 - Population and Urbanisation > Flashcards

unit 6 + 7 - Population and Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanisation

A

Process in which there is an increase in the number of people living and working in a city or metropolitan area

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2
Q

Challenges of urbanization

A

Overpopulation
Labour exploitation
Unemployment rates go up after a point, when number of people exceed the number of jobs
Individualism
Privitization
Urban Slums

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3
Q

Individualism

A

People becomes increasingly self dependent and cant rely on community. Similar to the idea of Liberalism, where personal success is more highly valued

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4
Q

Pull factors

A
  1. Economic Stability and Better employment
  2. Better Housing
  3. Environmental stability
  4. Political Stability and Global Relations
  5. Good connectivity and better social relations
  6. Better facilities (schools, hospitals, roads, transportation, etc).
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5
Q

push factors

A
  1. Lack of resources
  2. Rapid population growth
  3. Lack of opportunities (for upskilling and career related)
  4. Lack of basic facilities (hospitals, schools, roads, etc)
  5. Lack of entertainment options
  6. Unemployment
  7. Lower wages
  8. Poor connectivity
  9. Crop failures, agricultural challenges (only for rural areas)
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6
Q

Settlement

A

Collection of buildings with people living in them. They can be temporary (refugee camp) or permanent (apartments)

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7
Q

How to describe settlement

A

Site
Type
Shape or Pattern
Size
Function
Hierarchy

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8
Q

What happens when you go up the settlement hierarchy from bottom to top

A

Decrease in frequency
Increase in size of settlement, higher population and more services

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9
Q

Semi detached housing

A

In suburbs and semi urban areas, dispersed like rural areas but also urban services

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10
Q

Hamlet

A

Small settlement with a population of 1-100 people with no central place of worship or no meeting point. Like a village hall alongside a road

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11
Q

Different settlements based on spatial distributions

A

Clustered
Dispersed
Linear

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12
Q

Clustered settlements

A

Houses and buildings are close together. Like a central point. More common in rural areas

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13
Q

Dispersed Settlements

A

Homes and buildings are spread out over a large area. his pattern is common in rural or agriculture regions where people have large plots of land for farming and homes are spaced far apart

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14
Q

Linear settlements

A
  • Buildings and structure are arranged in a line usually along a road or river
  • These settlements grow along transportation routes or natural features
  • Long and narrow in shape
  • Eg: Cities and urban areas
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15
Q

Why are linear settlements more common in urban areas and example

A

land is scarce and transportation is easily accessible.

Example: New York City, grid-like layout that allows for easy navigation by car or public transportation

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16
Q

Urban slums

A

Highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed houses with weak build quality

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17
Q

What are some of the main reasons for the growth of slums in urban areas

A

Rapid Urbanization and not paying enough attention to the poor population. Increase in house rates

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18
Q

Definition of a Slum Dweller according to UN

A

someone who lacks at least three of the basic requirements among “durable walls, a secure lease or title, adequate living space, and access to safe drinking water and toilets.

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19
Q

Why is eradicating urban slums considered one of the toughest challenges facing societies today?

A

rapid urbanization, widespread poverty, lack of basic services, and complex political and economic factors

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20
Q

How did Spain reduce urban slums in their country

A

social housing projects, and investments in upgrading existing slum areas

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21
Q

Gentrification

A

Transformation of a neighborhood from low value to high value (monetary value) bringing in higher income residents, and displacing the neighborhood’s previous residents

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22
Q

Why does gentrification happen

A

Due to the immigration of upper class people

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23
Q

15 min city and who made it

A

An urban planning concept where every urban citizen should be able to meet their daily needs within 15 mins of transportation. Made by Carlos Moreno

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24
Q

What problem is the 15 min city trying to solve

A

Commuting to much and too many cars on the road, many urban cities have already implemented this but the daily amenities are not up to the mark

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25
Q

Egan’s wheel

A

Used as a tool for assessing how sustainable a community is

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26
Q

All 8 factors of a sustainable community according to Egan’s Wheel

A

Governance, Transport and connectivity, Services, Environment, Equity, Economy, Housing and built environment, Social

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27
Q

Governance in egan’s wheel

A

Well run and when making decisions about a community, local residents are included reducing impact of gentrification

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28
Q

Economy in egan’s wheel

A

Thriving and local people also have the opportunities to make money

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29
Q

3 As of Sustainability

A

Accessible (easy to access)
Affordable (services not too expensive)
Available (available 24/7)

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30
Q

Urban Decay

A

Process that describes the decline of a city due to social problems, infrastructure issues, population change (people move out making city isolated) or people dont benefit from investments happening in city

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31
Q

by 2030, how much percent of worls population will live in urban areas

A

90 per cent, according to UN

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32
Q

How much percent doe earths land do cities consume, and how much percent of energy consumption and carbon emission do they account for

A

cities are just 3% of earths land but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions

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33
Q

A 2016 study by UN, shows how many hours does US commuter spend in traffic in an year

A

42 hours

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34
Q

Urban regeneration

A

A city planning approach that aims to improve the quality of life or urban areas by addressing economic and social problems and revitalizing spaces after a city goes into urban decay

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35
Q

3 pillars of poverty and what cant they be done

A

Deficiency in education, organization and discipline

They cant be bought, ordered or comprehensible planned

36
Q

How much percent of population lives in urban areas

A

55%

37
Q

Why are urban areas easier to help

A

Due to already develop industries

38
Q

What is E.F schumacher say about aid focused on cities

A

Until aid is focused on cities, in terms of industrial and financial, non agricultural production in the rest of the country will face competition. This leads to additional unemployment outside the city

39
Q

Mutual Poisoning

A

Industries in the cities are destroying the urban areas. The people from rural areas respond by mass migrating to cities that cant accommodate them

40
Q

Which book by who talks about poverty and its causes and effects of urban and rural areas

A

Small is Beautiful by E.F.Schumacher

41
Q

What do you mean by land use and what are some common zones in land models

A

Land Use means function of land – what it is used for

Common Lands: Central Business District – CBD, Inner City, Suburbs, Rural Urban Fringe

42
Q

What was the burgess or concentric zone theory, who made it

A

Made by Burgess

States that cities grow outwards from the center in a series of rings with the center being the CBD and then the lower class residential area, followed by middle class and then upper class at the outskirts

43
Q

Hoyt Sector Theory, what is it and who and when made it

A

Considers the fact that cities may not be perfect as shown in Burgess model and rather the grow in sectors
Made by Homer Hoyt
The middle class are spread around the CBD and the rich and the factories form wedge shape sector branching from the CBD

44
Q

Migraton

A

Process of a person moving from one place to another to either live there permanently or temporarily due to better living condition or due to push factors in their original settlement

45
Q

Immigrant and emmigrant

A

For the receiving country, they are immigrant and for the donor country they are emigrants

46
Q

Migration of LICs and HICs–

A

Migration from LICs to HICs increases the population in HICs through labor demand and youthful migrants (offset aging populations, increasing fertility rate and lowering the median age), while decreasing populations in LICs due to brain drain (less talented people) and rural depopulation (young people are moving to HICs, reducing the working-age population)

47
Q

Mortality/Death Rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a given period of time

48
Q

Natural Increase/Decrease

A

Natural Increase - The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population

Natural decrease - the difference between the number of death minus the number of births

49
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of children under one year of age who die per 1000 live births

50
Q

Fertility Rate

A

The average number of children per women

51
Q

Life expentancy

A

The average number of years a person can expect to live

52
Q

Ani Natal Policies

A

Policies that aim to reduce children grwoth by going against reproduction and to have a lower fertility rate

53
Q

Pro Natal Policies

A

Policies designed for increasing the population/fertility rate of an area and are for reproduction

54
Q

Sex ratio

A

The number of females per 1000 males within a speicifc time and place

55
Q

4-2-1 problem with 1 child policy

A

1 child has to provide and earn for the medical and social needs for his two parents + his 4 grandparents, and the economy is built in such a way that this wont be possible. This problem is faced by countries such as Japan and western European countries

56
Q

Singapore Pro natalist policy name

A

Baby Bonus policy in 2015 where gov gave upto $13,000 to the number of children you have and helped in arranging the requirement in raising a child, encouraging them to have more children

57
Q

What fields should be improved to control overpopulation

A

Education
Healthcare
Economy

58
Q

Example of Indian state to show direct correlation between education, economy and healthcare and fertility rate

A

Kereala, Most literate state of India and hence fertility rate is also the lowest, 1.8 per women. One of the best per capita incomes and hence lower fertility rate, One of the lowest Infant mortality rate (ie good healthcare).

59
Q

What was the older idea that forced women to have more children

A

More children means more income later one and more people to care for you when you are old

60
Q

Why do developed cities have less children

A

A higher cost of living and hence more money would be required to provide for more children

61
Q

Demographic Transition Model, what is it and who made it

A

Shows how population has been changing as an after mark of development. Made by Warren Thompson

62
Q

1 st of DTM

A

High birth rate and high mortality Rate, Prior to Industrial revolution

63
Q

2nd Stage of DTM

A

Higher birth rate, low mortality Rate
After IR and more people were born but less dies due to Healthcare advancements

64
Q

4th stage of dtm

A

Low birth rate, Low mortality rate
Less people are dying and hence people being born is also less. Improved status of women

65
Q

3rd stage of DTM

A

Birth and mortality rate begin to decline due to urbanization and improved status of women

66
Q

5th stage of DTM

A

Very low Birth Rate, death rate starts to increase or remains stable indicating majority of the people are near their old age. Death rate is more than birth rate

67
Q

Which countries experience 5th stage of DTM and examples

A

Very high income countries such as Japan and Germany

68
Q

Limitations of DTM

A

Only considers Birth and death rate (no migration is considered)
Application of the DTM are mainly restricted to Western Countries

69
Q

Epidemiological Transition Model what and made by who

A

Focuses on levels of industrilisation and development but through the lenses of diease and death rate. Made by A R Omran

70
Q

Causes of Urbanisation

A

Increase in migration from rural to urban
Natural Increase of population
Push and Pull factors

71
Q

Population pyramid

A

represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age

72
Q

Age section in a population pyramid and their reproductive stages

A

0-15 pre reproductive stage
15-45 = reproductive stage
45+ Post reproductive stage

73
Q

Stationery Population pyramid what does it tell us about the population

A

Fertility rate, birth rate and mortality rate are constant
Population is not growing and the counttry is a developed country

74
Q

Expansive population pyrmid and what does it tell us about the population

A

High birth rate, high infant mortality rate and high fertility rate (developing)

Tells us a growing and developing population

75
Q

Developing and less developed countries (with examples) in terms of population pyramid

A

Higher pre reproductive age group with less older age people. Less developed will have a older age group and reclining populaiton (eg - japan)

76
Q

Factors affecting population pyramid

A

Wars
Anti and Pro natal policies
Economic disparities
Baby booms post wars

77
Q

Constructive population pyramid

A

Higher older age group and hence a declining population

78
Q

Problems of youthful population

A

Short term not good
Socially not developed country
Greater dependent population, hence greater consumption of resources

79
Q

Case studies for Urban Slums

A

Favelas of Brasil
Due to natural increase and urbansiaion, the the brazils populations has grown to such an extent that the peole migrating from rural areas have to build their own houses on the outskirts near to the industries. This howver was cured by the gov using self help schemes.

80
Q

Case studies on migration

A

Brain drain during 1970s, skilled workers from south asia were pulled to first world coutnries for jobs and higher wages

81
Q

example of place impacted by gentrification

A

Brooklyn, New York - That is why it has one of the highest crime rate in US. As wealthy residents moved in, property values increased, and lower-income families were displaced

And Haus Khas in Delhi, disrupting the city’s original artisanal culture

82
Q

China One child policy and is disadvantages

A

Anti natalist policy which reduced women to only have one child, but due to gender preferences for male child, China had one of the highest female mortality rate and hence this policy was considered a failure. At that time it also had one of the worst sex ratios in the world. This policy was later discontinued in 2016

83
Q

Assam 2 child policy and its disadvantages

A

Implemented in 2021, Families with more 2 children were excluded from many government scheme and were not allowed to stand for Panchayat elections and do government jobs.

Disadvantage on women as if a man stading for an election or having a gov job had more than 2 children, he would leave the women by divorcing her

84
Q

Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - Environmetnal sustainability

A

Wnats to be first carbon neutral city by 2025
Majorly uses renewable energy to reduce its carbon footprint
Uses its geographical location to its advanatge
Uses power plants like the Amager Bakee which converst waste into energy

85
Q

Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - transportation

A

More than 40% of residents commute by cycle
Over 400km of dedicated cycling routes
Good green public transport system

86
Q

Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - social and services

A

Affordable housing following nuclei land use model
Deciated to provide affordable and avaliable community health
Good insurance and healthcare policies for all age groups
High cultural and community engagement

G9 + 10 IH (7 decks)

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