unit 6 + 7 - Population and Urbanisation Flashcards
Urbanisation
Process in which there is an increase in the number of people living and working in a city or metropolitan area
Challenges of urbanization
Overpopulation
Labour exploitation
Unemployment rates go up after a point, when number of people exceed the number of jobs
Individualism
Privitization
Urban Slums
Individualism
People becomes increasingly self dependent and cant rely on community. Similar to the idea of Liberalism, where personal success is more highly valued
Pull factors
- Economic Stability and Better employment
- Better Housing
- Environmental stability
- Political Stability and Global Relations
- Good connectivity and better social relations
- Better facilities (schools, hospitals, roads, transportation, etc).
push factors
- Lack of resources
- Rapid population growth
- Lack of opportunities (for upskilling and career related)
- Lack of basic facilities (hospitals, schools, roads, etc)
- Lack of entertainment options
- Unemployment
- Lower wages
- Poor connectivity
- Crop failures, agricultural challenges (only for rural areas)
Settlement
Collection of buildings with people living in them. They can be temporary (refugee camp) or permanent (apartments)
How to describe settlement
Site
Type
Shape or Pattern
Function
Hierarchy
What happens when you go up the settlement hierarchy from bottom to top
Decrease in frequency
Increase in size of settlement, higher population and more services
Different settlements based on spatial distributions
Clustered
Dispersed
Linear
Clustered settlements
Houses and buildings are close together. Like a central point. More common in rural areas
Dispersed Settlements
Homes and buildings are spread out over a large area. his pattern is common in rural or agriculture regions where people have large plots of land for farming and homes are spaced far apart
Linear settlements
- Buildings and structure are arranged in a line usually along a road or river
- These settlements grow along transportation routes or natural features
- Long and narrow in shape
- Eg: Cities and urban areas
Why are linear settlements more common in urban areas and example
land is scarce and transportation is easily accessible.
Example: New York City, grid-like layout that allows for easy navigation by car or public transportation
Common challenges faced in urban areas
Overpopulation
Traffic congestion
pollution
House shortage and Urban slums
Poor public services
Unemployment and Poverty
Crime and safety concerns
Urban slums
Highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed houses with weak build quality
What are some of the main reasons for the growth of slums in urban areas
Rapid Urbanization and not paying enough attention to the poor population. Increase in house rates
Definition of a Slum Dweller according to UN
someone who lacks at least three of the basic requirements among “durable walls, a secure lease or title, adequate living space, and access to safe drinking water and toilets.
Why is eradicating urban slums considered one of the toughest challenges facing societies today?
rapid urbanization, widespread poverty, lack of basic services, and complex political and economic factors
How did Spain reduce urban slums in their country
social housing projects, and investments in upgrading existing slum areas
Gentrification
Transformation of a neighborhood from low value to high value (monetary value) bringing in higher income residents, and displacing the neighborhood’s previous residents
Why does gentrification happen
Due to the immigration of upper class people
15 min city and who made it
An urban planning concept where every urban citizen should be able to meet their daily needs within 15 mins of transportation. Made by Carlos Moreno
What problem is the 15 min city trying to solve
Commuting to much and too many cars on the road, many urban cities have already implemented this but the daily amenities are not up to the mark
Egan’s wheel
Used as a tool for assessing how sustainable a community is
All 8 factors of a sustainable community according to Egan’s Wheel
Governance, Transport and connectivity, Services, Environment, Equity, Economy, Housing and built environment, Social
Governance in egan’s wheel
Well run and when making decisions about a community, local residents are included reducing impact of gentrification
Economy in egan’s wheel
Thriving and local people also have the opportunities to make money
3 As of Sustainability
Accessible (easy to access)
Affordable (services not too expensive)
Available (available 24/7)
Urban Decay
Process that describes the decline of a city due to social problems, infrastructure issues, population change (people move out making city isolated) or people dont benefit from investments happening in city
by 2030, how much percent of worls population will live in urban areas
90 per cent, according to UN
How much percent doe earths land do cities consume, and how much percent of energy consumption and carbon emission do they account for
cities are just 3% of earths land but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions
A 2016 study by UN, shows how many hours does US commuter spend in traffic in an year
42 hours
Urban regeneration
A city planning approach that aims to improve the quality of life or urban areas by addressing economic and social problems and revitalizing spaces after a city goes into urban decay
3 pillars of poverty and what cant they be done
Deficiency in education, organization and discipline
They cant be bought, ordered or comprehensible planned
How much percent of population lives in urban areas
55%
Why are urban areas easier to help
Due to already develop industries
What is E.F schumacher say about aid focused on cities
Until aid is focused on cities, in terms of industrial and financial, non agricultural production in the rest of the country will face competition. This leads to additional unemployment outside the city
Mutual Poisoning
Industries in the cities are destroying the rural areas. The people from rural areas respond by mass migrating to cities that cant accommodate them
Which book by who talks about poverty and its causes and effects of urban and rural areas
Small is Beautiful by E.F.Schumacher
What was the burgess or concentric zone theory, who made it
Made by Burgess
States that cities grow outwards from the center in a series of rings with the center being the CBD and then the lower class residential area, followed by middle class and then upper class at the outskirts
Hoyt Sector Theory, what is it and who and when made it
Considers the fact that cities may not be perfect as shown in Burgess model and rather the grow in sectors
Made by Homer Hoyt
The middle class are spread around the CBD and the rich and the factories form wedge shape sector branching from the CBD
Migraton
Process of a person moving from one place to another to either live there permanently or temporarily due to better living condition or due to push factors in their original settlement
Immigrant and emmigrant
For the receiving country, they are immigrant and for the donor country they are emigrants
Migration of LICs and HICs–
Migration from LICs to HICs increases the population in HICs through labor demand and youthful migrants (offset aging populations, increasing fertility rate and lowering the median age), while decreasing populations in LICs due to brain drain (less talented people) and rural depopulation (young people are moving to HICs, reducing the working-age population)
Mortality/Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a given period of time
Natural Increase/Decrease
Natural Increase - The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population
Natural decrease - the difference between the number of death minus the number of births
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of children under one year of age who die per 1000 live births
Fertility Rate
The average number of children per women
Life expentancy
The average number of years a person can expect to live
Ani Natal Policies
Policies that aim to reduce children grwoth by going against reproduction and to have a lower fertility rate
Pro Natal Policies
Policies designed for increasing the population/fertility rate of an area and are for reproduction
Sex ratio
The number of females per 1000 males within a speicifc time and place
4-2-1 problem with 1 child policy
1 child has to provide and earn for the medical and social needs for his two parents + his 4 grandparents, and the economy is built in such a way that this wont be possible. This problem is faced by countries such as Japan and western European countries
Singapore Pro natalist policy name
Baby Bonus policy in 2015 where gov gave upto $13,000 to the number of children you have and helped in arranging the requirement in raising a child, encouraging them to have more children
What fields should be improved to control overpopulation
Education
Healthcare
Economy
Example of Indian state to show direct correlation between education, economy and healthcare and fertility rate
Kereala, Most literate state of India and hence fertility rate is also the lowest, 1.8 per women. One of the best per capita incomes and hence lower fertility rate, One of the lowest Infant mortality rate (ie good healthcare).
What was the older idea that forced women to have more children
More children means more income later one and more people to care for you when you are old
Why do developed cities have less children
A higher cost of living and hence more money would be required to provide for more children
Demographic Transition Model, what is it and who made it
Shows how population has been changing as an after mark of development. Made by Warren Thompson
1 st of DTM
High birth rate and high death Rate, Prior to Industrial revolution. There is currently no country in stage 1
2nd Stage of DTM
High birth rate, lower death Rate
After IR and more people were born but less dies due to Healthcare advancements.
But mindset ahsnt shifted and people still se children as cultural assests
Includes most LEDCs such as Nigeria, Afghanisthan, Yemen, etc
3rd stage of DTM
Birth rate begin to decline and death rate also decreases due to urbanization and improved status of women
Economic changes make it difficult to have large families
Includes most NEE (new emergin economies) such as India, Brazil and Indonesia
4th stage of dtm
Low birth rate, Low death rate
Less people are dying and hence people being born is also less. Improved status of women
High life expectancy
Includes most developed countries such as US, Canada, China
5th stage of DTM
Very low Birth Rate, death rate starts to increase or remains stable indicating majority of the people are near their old age. Death rate is more than birth rate.
Faces problems of aging population and population decrease
Includes deevloped countries like Japan, Germany and Russia
Limitations of DTM
Only considers Birth and death rate (no migration is considered)
Application of the DTM are mainly restricted to Western Countries
Epidemiological Transition Model what and made by who
Focuses on levels of industrilisation and development but through the lenses of diease and death rate. Made by A R Omran
Causes of Urbanisation
Increase in migration from rural to urban
Natural Increase of population
Push and Pull factors
Need and Want for development
Modernisation and Technological advancements
Population pyramid
represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age
Age section in a population pyramid and their reproductive stages
0-15 pre reproductive stage
15-45 = reproductive stage
45+ Post reproductive stage
Stationery Population pyramid what does it tell us about the population
Fertility rate, birth rate and mortality rate are constant
Population is not growing and the counttry is a developed country
More odler people due to better healthcare
Better status of women
In stage 3 and 4 of the DTM
Eg - India, Indonesia
Expansive population pyrmid and what does it tell us about the population
High birth rate, high infant mortality rate and high fertility rate (developing)
In stage 1 or 2 of DTM
Tells us a growing and more poorer country
Less older people
Eg - Pakistan
Factors affecting population pyramid
Wars
Anti and Pro natal policies
Economic disparities
Baby booms post wars
Constructive population pyramid
Higher older age group and hence a declining population
Low birth rate
In stage 5 of DTM
Eg: Japan and Germany
Problems of youthful population
Short term not good
Socially not developed country
Greater dependent population, hence greater consumption of resources
Case studies for Urban Slums
Favelas of Brasil
Due to natural increase and urbansiaion, the the brazils populations has grown to such an extent that the peole migrating from rural areas have to build their own houses on the outskirts near to the industries. This however was cured by the gov using self help schemes, most notable being the ‘Favela-Bairro Project’
Case studies on migration
Brain drain during 1970s, skilled workers from south asia were pulled to first world coutnries for jobs and higher wages
example of place impacted by gentrification
Brooklyn, New York - That is why it has one of the highest crime rate in US. As wealthy residents moved in, property values increased, and lower-income families were displaced
And Haus Khas in Delhi, disrupting the city’s original artisanal culture
China One child policy and is disadvantages
Anti natalist policy which reduced women to only have one child, but due to gender preferences for male child, China had one of the highest female mortality rate and hence this policy was considered a failure. At that time it also had one of the worst sex ratios in the world. This policy was later discontinued in 2016
Assam 2 child policy and its disadvantages
Implemented in 2021, Families with more 2 children were excluded from many government scheme and were not allowed to stand for Panchayat elections and do government jobs.
Disadvantage on women as if a man stading for an election or having a gov job had more than 2 children, he would leave the women by divorcing her
Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - Environmetnal sustainability
Wnats to be first carbon neutral city by 2025
Majorly uses renewable energy to reduce its carbon footprint
Uses its geographical location to its advanatge
Uses power plants like the Amager Bakee which converst waste into energy
Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - transportation
More than 40% of residents commute by cycle
Over 400km of dedicated cycling routes
Good green public transport system
Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - social and services
Affordable housing following nuclei land use model
Deciated to provide affordable and avaliable community health
Good insurance and healthcare policies for all age groups
High cultural and community engagement
Problems of a young population with case study
- More dependant class than working class
- Overcrowded schools and pressure on education system to sustain greatwer number of children
- Bad for short term, good in long terms
- Envrionment and economic damage from overconsumption of resources
case study - Nigeria. Over 40% of its population is under 15. Hence it faces education crisis like lack of teachers, rapid urbanisation, lack of housing space and political & economic unrest
Problems of an aging population with case tsudy
- Good for short term bad for long term
- Pressure on heatlhcare systems
- Heavy reliance on pensions
- Labour shortage in physicall edmanding feilds
- Healthcare costs would increase due to rapid consumption of medical resources
Case tsudy - Japan. over 29% of people are aged 65 or more. Face problems like economic stagnation and productivity decline. Spends a lot of GDP on medical advacenemnts.
