unit 1 + 1.5 - IR and Sociology

Question 1

Who was Karl Marx?

Answer 1

Karl Henrich Marx was a German philosopher and economist who was born on May 5th 1818. He developed the theory of Marxism as well as various other social, economic and political theories. He is considered one of the 3 principal architects alongside Emile Durkheim and Max Weber

Question 2

Give one example where people adapted to their surroundings to survive

Answer 2

Hong Kong

The land space there is very low but it also has a relatively high population. Hence to accommodate all of the people, instead of expanding their homes horizontally, they built upwards. That is one of the main reasons why Hong Kong has some of the biggest high-rise buildings in the world.

Question 3

Capitalism

Answer 3

Employed throughout most of the world today

Ownership is based on capital rather than slaves or land

Capitalists (businessmen) use capital to hire workers to turn raw materials into something that can be used or something that can be traded, something that can be sold

Everything is based on profit and gain and about making money

Question 4

who is known as father of capitalism, and what idea did he write about in his book?

Answer 4

Adam smith is known as the fatehr of capitalism as he is known to be a pioneer in the development of capatalist economic system. He writes about the idea of modern capitalism in his book - The Wealth of Nations

Question 5

Problems of capitalism

Answer 5

1. Inequality
2. Economic Instability
3. Monopoly power
4. Environmental damage
5. Immobility (difficult for people to change their situation, eg - a labourer cant be a businessman)

Question 6

History of Communism

Answer 6

After peak of capitalism, Marx and sociologists found flaws in it such as
-workers being treated unfairly
- huge pay gaps between rich and poor

This caused a revolution led by the proleteriats against the burgoises called the Labour movement in the 18th century

This movement resulted in communism where everyone owns and shares resources and there is no more social segregation

Question 7

Communism

Answer 7

Based on our ancestors ideologies
No inherited wealth
Even distribution
Stateless - Eveyone lives together with no borders
Classless - No discrimination
Wealth is distributed based on needs rather Profit
Private poession is there but not private ownership
Moneyless society - aquisation of wealth is no longer the driving force

Question 8

Communism simple defination

Answer 8

From each according to his ability to each according to his needs

Question 9

Communism negatives

Answer 9

Utopian society
Unrealsitci
Formation of an hierarchy is inevitable
Eg - Lenin implmented his idea of communism in the USSR and while it was good in the started, after some protests, he made it single party state where the government had the say (which difered from marx’s communism)

Question 10

Marxism theory and in which 2 books did he publish it

Answer 10

Marxism is a Philosophy focused on the battle between the working class and the ownership class where the class struggle would eventually lead to worker’s revolution in favor to oppress the elites and overturn capitalism into communism/socialism

This was published by Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto and the Das Kapital

Question 11

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 11

The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant economic, technological, and social changes that began in the mid 18th century, marked by the shift from handcraft-based economies to industrial and machine-based production. Started in Great Britain with the invention of steam-powered engines

Question 12

What was the industrial revolution in short

Answer 12

Basically, we went from making things by hand to making things by machines in a partciular place in mass amounts

Question 13

impact of IR on social changes

Answer 13

Early urbanization - People migrating from rural to urban areas in search of jobs, but it lead to cities being overcrowded and poor living conditions

Agriculture Boom allowed for population increase and familial structures changed as a working class emerged

Lead to many labor reforms as well

Question 14

Why were factories important in a social point of view

Answer 14

Factories provided more jobs which resulted in economic growth and mass production of goods. Mass production meant more trade and more jobs meant a new working class emerged. This also allowed for more, better quality products to be produced which helped a country’s trade and GDP

Question 15

What all feilds were impacted by the indutrial revolution

Answer 15

Textile
Communication
Transportation
Art
Economics
Agriculturw

Question 16

Innovations in transportation

Answer 16

introduction of steam-powered locomotives and a never-ending railway industry.

Question 17

Innovations in textile

Answer 17

Introduction of power loom (Edmund Cartwright) and spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)

Question 18

Innovations in communication

Answer 18

Inevntion of the telegraph by Sir Francis Ronald

Innovations of the morse code by Samuel Morse

Question 19

How IR changed our daily lives?

Answer 19

The Industrial Revolution transformed daily life by introducing machinery, urbanization, and new production methods, leading to increased efficiency. Many big modern countries like the USA are a result of industrialisation.

Question 20

Why was Britain a pioneer in industrialization?

Answer 20

2. wet coal mines - mines were flooded which led to the discovery of the steam engine
3. elites interested in business
4. profits from imperialist countries and slaves from the transatlantic slave trade (trade triangle)
5. Capatalist economyic system
6. Great environmental Landscape

Question 21

Which countries stole Britain’s railroad systems

Answer 21

Belgium, Switzerland, France and Germany

Question 22

Local and global factors which helped Britain to industrialize:

Answer 22

local factors: abundant natural resources, great environmental landscape, skilled workforce, and political stability,

global factors: colonial trade, the triangular trade (Atlantic slave trade), and access to diverse raw materials

Question 23

Impact of IR on economic change

Answer 23

Factory System: Shift from cottage industries to large-scale mechanized production.

Mass Production: Increased efficiency and output, lowering the cost of goods.

Global Trade Expansion: Demand for raw materials increased, boosting international trade.

Rise of Capitalism: Growth of private enterprises and banking institutions.

Question 24

Industrialization at a global scale: Japan

Answer 24

Japan’s industrialisation started with western military men led by Mathews Perry entering the bay of Japan for a show of power and even colonisation

Before Japan’s IR, it was under the Tokugawa Shogunate which meant the military was in control.

In fear or colonisation, a civil war broke out between the locals and the government where the locals asked for a change in the government. The locals eventually won and a new emperor was crowned - 14 year old Emperor Mejji

He brought western ideologies and adapted to their technology. He created a centralised government and brought in changes in the fields of military, textiles, and ship building.

He also increased trade of raw materials for western tech

Made more schools to grow a working class and increased contact with the outside world

Question 25

Challenges faced by Japan during its course of Industrilisation

Answer 25

Despite facing challenges like high Tariffs and less raw materials, Japan still managed to industrialise and create a distinct economy where the businessmen worked closely with the government.

Question 26

What were the name of the 2 clans and the alliance that formed to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate

Answer 26

Satcho Alliance between the Satsuma and Choshu clans

Question 27

Industrialization at a global scale: India

Answer 27

Pre colonisation, India was a strong independent country and used to own 33% of the world's industrial output. Thanks to the Mughal Empire. But all of this changed in mid 19th century, when the textile powerhouse became Britain due to its factories India’s large textile output had relied on hand-loom technology, but that part of the process was now done by machines in Britain Industrialisation in Britain caused a collapse in India's economy as machine-woven textiles were better than hand made ones and British Industrialists made sure that textile tech didn't reach India. As a result, the indian economy crashed. Millions of laborers lost their jobs and had to grow cotton to survive. this made India one of the largest exporters of raw cotton rather than finished textile products and the British saw this as an opportunity to colonise India by increasing trade with them and implementing policies which hurt India but helped the british As a result, of this colonisation, food prices rose and India was hit a series of famines during that time This was because people wernt able to afford food and the East Indian Company focused on production of cotton rather than food With colonisation, the British stripped India of its natural resources and did whatever they could to stop India from fully industrializing. However, they still made some advancements such as railways, telegraph but that was for their benefit rather than India's Britain also bought cotton from India and sent it to their factories in Britain to make Finisehd goods and sell that with little tax. They made India a captive market for them and added heavy taxes to Indian made textiles.

Question 28

Industrilsiation in India just pre independance and post independance

Answer 28

- a country which owned 33% of global textile exports, was now contributing a mere 3% - However, seeing India’s economy crumble, businessmen like Tata, Baniya and Wadia helped set up textile and steel industries across India, majorly in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. - Due to multiple external factors such as WW1, WW2 and the American Civil War, and internal factors such as creation of steel and textile industries in Bombay, - Due to brilliance of activists such as Gandhi and Nehru, India gained freedom - Post freedom, India businessmen started to incorporate western tech into traditional Indian system to produce goods at a faster rate while still maintaining their core principles - They saw availability for labor and resources and took advantage of that by increasing the demand for manufactured goods - India increased trade with other foreign countries to better their GDP and improve their global relations

Question 29

Effects of de industrilisation in India during that time

Answer 29

De-industrialization caused widespread famines, increased taxes, and rising costs of essential goods like rice, worsening economic hardships and weakening India's independence

Question 30

What are the political explnations for India's de industilisation

Answer 30

The decline of the Mughal Empire and the influence of European merchants led to political effects, allowing for exploitation of India's resources by foreign powers like the British East India Company

Question 31

Proletariat

Answer 31

Wage workers who were engaged in production Income = Labour power

Question 32

Bourgeoise

Answer 32

Business owners who control the means of production in a capitalist society

Question 33

Laissez Faire

Answer 33

Free economic system with minimal government interaction

Question 34

Factory life - conditions of workers, women, and children in factories

Answer 34

characterized by long working hours, poor working conditions, and exploitation of the poor, women and children were often subjected to low wages and hazardous environments during the early stages of industrialization. Led to protests of workers' rights (labour movement) and labour reforms Luddites - a secret organisation who used to destroy machinery

Question 35

Class conflict

Answer 35

emerged during the Industrial Revolution as the capitalist class (Bourgeoise) faced tensions with the working class (Proleteriats), leading to labour movements and the pursuit of workers' rights

Question 36

How did industrialisation spred

Answer 36

Britain tried to keep it secret but traders from different countries came to Britain, learned the techniques and then stole the machines and took them home

Question 37

Water frame

Answer 37

Richard Arkwright 1769

Question 38

Spinning Jenny

Answer 38

James Hargreaves in 1765

Question 39

Power loom

Answer 39

Edmund Cartwright 1785

Question 40

Cotton Gin

Answer 40

Eli Whitney 1793

Question 41

Morse Code

Answer 41

Samuel Morse

Question 42

Telegraph

Answer 42

Sir Francis Ronald

Question 43

Cotton Mill

Answer 43

Richard Arkwright 1771

Question 44

Electric Battery

Answer 44

Alessandro Volta in 1800

Question 45

Seed Drill

Answer 45

Jethro Tull 1701

Question 46

Steam engine

Answer 46

Initial design by Thomas Newcomen, later modified by James Watt in 1764

Question 47

star trek line (which can be used in essay) on communism

Answer 47

The aquisition of wealth is no longer the driving force in our lives

Question 48

famus people describing factory life

Answer 48

Charles Dickens - "dark satanic mills" E P thompson - "a place of sexual license"

Question 49

abolishing children in factories acts

Answer 49

The factory act of 1833 - no child under 9 can work and above can work for max 9 hours The mines act - restricted mining work for children under age 10

Question 50

Role of colonies in IR and what impact did it have on them

Answer 50

Colonies helped in providing raw materials, captive markets, and military advantages to European countries. However, they faced severe economic exploitation and deindustrialization, political instability and cultural disruptions

Question 51

Impact of Industrial revolution on ideologies

Answer 51

It led to the rise and fall of the Capitalism economic system. It gave birth to ideas such as socialism, communism and liberalism.

Question 52

Liberalism

Answer 52

An political and moral ideology developed by John Locke, which focuses on the rights of the individuals, liberty, and consent of government. It is basically where you give up some of your freedom in exchange from promise of the government to protect your remaining freedom.

Question 53

What would happen in Liberalism didn't exist?

Answer 53

there would be too much freedom and the world would be a lawless dystopia

Question 54

Socialism

Answer 54

From each according to his ability to each according to his contribution. Where distribution of wealth and capital is based on the contribution of the individual The means of production and distribution are owned or regulated by the community as a whole A system where leaders lead for the society According to socialists, no one should have more than what they require, as that would be equal to stealing It argues for a large number of small enterprises so that the owner himself works and earns as per his contribution

Question 55

definate and early Example of ruling socialsm

Answer 55

Where a ruling party does exist but worls towards the soceity and fairly eg: Chanakya He wrote about well fare state and monarchy of socialism in his book - Kautilya's Arthashastra His values taught how a king should rule while allowing everyone to do their respective duty

Question 56

Early example of pure socialism

Answer 56

Inca Empire in Peru Land and resources were owned by the state, not by individuals. Everyone worked for the state (through a system called mit'a, or labor tax), and in return, the state provided food, clothing, and shelter. There was no money-based economy, everything was based on barter and communal sharing.

Question 57

what is Revolutionary Socialism with eg

Answer 57

- Followed by people like Karl Marx and Bhagat Singh - They argued that the main aim of socialism is to give justice back to the people, whether that be through violent or non violent ways - They said that workers are the backbone of the country and they are ones suffering the most, hence a revolution needs to take place to give the means of products in the hands of these workers

Question 58

Socialism rn -> Democratic Socialism

Answer 58

Followed in Nordic Countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, etc) called the Nordic Model - Follows a mix of socialism and capatalism - People can own private companies and the economy is based on capatalism - However, these are heavy taxes on these companies which the government uses to invest into wellfare programs - Locals have access to good quality free healthcare and education in exchange of high income taxes - That is why it helps thank rank highly in HDI, Happiest countries, etc

Question 59

What are industries based in home with heavy labor (ie the workforce before industrial revolution known as)

Answer 59

Cottage industries

Question 60

pumpkin analogy for capatalism communism and socialism

Answer 60

Capitalism – The pumpkin will be cut, and the one who owns the bigger share of the pumpkin will get more. Communism – The pumpkin will be cut and distributed equally among everyone. Socialism – The pumpkin will be cut, and the one who cuts it (does the work) will get more. but if communism is implemented, then who would work to cut that pumpkin?