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Science > Unit 6-7 > Flashcards

Unit 6-7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lithosphere

A

Hard shell of earth consisting of crust and topmost mantle
- covered in 70% in water
- has cracks/rifts: rocky plates (tectonic plates)

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2
Q

Soil

A

Upper layer of lithosphere (pedosphere)
- formed by the interaction of other spheres (lithosphere with hydro, atmo, bio)
- necessary for plant life

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3
Q

Layers of soil

A

Distinct layers parallel to surface ground

  1. Organic matter
  2. Surface soil (topsoil): soil containing humus and minerals (decomposing organic matter)
  3. Subsoil: composed of tiny rocks (sand, silt and rock) includes small minerals, tree and plants with deep roots draw nutrients here
  4. Substratum (fragmented parent rock): formed by the disintegration (weathering, erosion) of underlying unaltered parent rock
  5. Rock (unaltered parent rock): starting point for soil formation
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4
Q

Soil Agriculture (Necessity)

A
  • Water soluble nutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)
  • Appropriate pH levels (affects rate of absorption of nutrients)
  • Appropriate amount of water (intake of nutrients requires water)
  • Oxygen (cellular respiration)
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5
Q

Soil Agriculture (Problems)

A

Loss of soil fertility (depletion):
- Modern farm machinery (compacts soil - prevents rain and deprives oxygen)
- use of pesticides (contaminates ecosystems with toxins)
- Deforestation (destroys root network that prevents wind blowing away topsoil and organic matter that would have disintegrated)

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6
Q

Permafrost

A

Ground frozen (below 0) for at least 2 years (found in polar regions and at high altitudes)
A combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice

Upper layers thaws briefly for growing season

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7
Q

Problems with permafrost

A
  1. Damage to house/roads,etc
  2. Greenhouse gases released by thawing of frozen organic carbon (CO2 & CH4)
  3. Could unfreeze ancient bacteria and viruses in ice and soil
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8
Q

Permafrost and Global Warming

A

Permafrost traps methane gas melts — Methane gas released — more heat trapped in atmosphere — temperature increases

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9
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Coal (terrestrial animals), oil (marine animals) and natural gases

  • cheap, easy to store and transport
  • non renewable, GHG emissions (acid rain, CH4)

Thermal power plant: Transforms fossil fuel energy to mechanical or electrical

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10
Q

Nuclear energy

A

Uranium

  • small quantity = large amounts of energy and no GHG emission
  • radioactive waste and emission, and material and enviro are radioactive for years

Nuclear: Power Plant Bonds of atoms are broken (fission) converted into electrical

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11
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Energy that comes from the earth (fluid circulation)

  • renewable energy, no GHG and reduce heating cost
  • $$$ than traditional and only available in some spots
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12
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Earths outer layer fo water in any state
(97.5% saltwater, 2.5% freshwater — 79% frozen glaciers and 21% lakes and rivers)

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13
Q

Water cycle

A

Every (Evaporation) Creature (Condensation) Pretends (Precipitation) to (Transpiration) Ignore (Infiltration) Great (Ground water flow) Roars (Runoff)

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14
Q

Watersheds

A

Area of land in which inland waters (freshwater bodies on the surface) drain into same large body

Catchment or drainage basin

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15
Q

Manage of Watershed

A
  1. Topography: slope and shape of land
  2. Geology: type of rock found on land
  3. Climate/Precipitation: Frequency of rain or snow)
  4. Vegetation: Rainwater runoff is slowed by wooded areas
  5. Agricultural, industrial and urban development: structures can prevent water flow
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16
Q

Ocean Temperature

A
  1. Depth
    a) Mixed layers (higher than 200m): heated by sun
    b) Thermocline (lower than 200m): no solar energy, cold, transition zone (decrease in temp as depth)
    c) Deepwater (lower than 1000m): cold and very dark
  2. Seasons: ocean loses some heat in winter (less pronounced than land)
  3. Latitude: warmer equator than temperate zones

Colder water: density increases, sinks
Warmer water: density decreases, rises

17
Q

Ocean Salinity

A

Measure of the amount of salt dissolved in liquid (g/L) salt doesn’t evaporate

Salinity increases, density increases, sink (35g/L)
Salinity decreases, density decreases, rise (1g/L)

18
Q

Ocean current

A

Movement of seawater in certain directions

  1. Surface: caused by winds, moves horizontally, first 400m
  2. Subsurface (deep): caused by variation in density between layers of water, lower 800m
19
Q

Thermohaline Circulation

A

Surface and subsurface current (forces nutrient water upwards)
Equator warm up — poles cold sinks

20
Q

Cryosphere

A

Consists of all the frozen water on Earth’s surface

21
Q

Pack Ice

A

Ice floating on ocean near poles, weakening due to global warming threatening life species (habitat)

Melting = high freshwater in oceans = water less saline = slows/stops currents

22
Q

Glaciers

A

Mass of ice on land (compressed snow), freshwater

Glacier melt = ice fall into water = water level rises

Melting = high freshwater in oceans = water less saline = slows/stops currents

23
Q

Icebergs

A

Glaciers breaks off 90% underwater

24
Q

Hydraulic (hydroelectric) energy

A

Moving water energy (turbines, dams)

  • renewable, no GHG (mostly)
  • flooding of ecosystem, mercury contamination, not available in some areas

Water turbines: connected to generators that convert the mechanical energy to electrical

25
Q

Hydro kinetic, wave, tidal energy

A

Hydrokinetic: energy from flow of rivers (freshwater)
Wave: energy from vertical movement of seawater
Tidal: energy from horizontal movement of seawater

  • renewable, no GHG emissions
  • may disrupt ecosystems, installations subjected to corrosion, not available in some areas
26
Q

Atmosphere

A

Layers of air (gases) surrounding earth
Composition of mixture of gases (nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour)

27
Q

Functions of atmo

A
  1. Acts as a screen - block dangerous (sun’s) rays
  2. Retains (traps heat - creates a stable climate***
  3. Contains oxygen (cell rep)
  4. Contains CO2 (photosynthesis)
28
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Natural process that allows the Earth to retain some of the heat from the sun
(water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide)

29
Q

Greenhouse effect process

A
  1. Sun releases energy (some dispersed into atmo, most pass through and absorbed by ground)
  2. Ground heated, releasing infrared ration into atmo
  3. Some rays pass through atmo and go into space
  4. Other rays are trapped by GHG and sent back to earth causing warming
30
Q

Wind energy

A

Energy harnessed by wind

  • renewable, no GHG, non-polluting
  • ruins beauty of landscapes, unpredictable winds, cannot be stored

(Blades turns rotor which turn the shaft connected to generator)

31
Q

Solar energy

A

Energy harnessed from sun

  • renewable, no GHG, non-polluting
  • expensive set up, presence of sun varies

Solar cells silicon, electrons move causing flow

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