Unit 1

Question 1

Composition of an atom

Answer 1

• Electrons (Negative surrounding)
• Nucleus
  
  • Protons (Positive)
  • Neutrons (Neutral)

Question 2

Determining Number of Protons or Electrons

Answer 2

Atomic Number

Question 3

Determining number of neutrons

Answer 3

Atomic mass - atomic number = # of neutrons

Question 4

Number of Electrons per Shell (first 20)

Answer 4

1st shell - 2
2nd shell - 8
3rd shell - 8
4th shell - 2

Question 5

Group Names & Details

Answer 5

Vertical column - Number of valence electrons

1. Alkali Metals
2. Alkaline Earth Metals
3. name of 1st element (Boron)
4. name of 1st element (Carbon)
5. name of 1st element (Nitrogen)
6. name of 1st element (Oxygen)
7. Halogens
8. Noble/Inert Gases

Question 6

Periods Details

Answer 6

Horizontal - number of shells

Question 7

Lewis Notation

Answer 7

Shows number of valence electrons through points

Question 8

Ions

Answer 8

Atoms with a positive or negative charge
Study Tendencies

Question 9

Democritus vs Aristotles Theory’s

Answer 9

Democritus: Indestructible & identical particles - indivisible Atomos (Discontinuous)
Aristotle: combination of elements - infinitely divisible (continuous)

Question 10

Dalton Atomic Model

Answer 10

“Billiard Ball”
- Composed of indivisible particles (Atoms)
- Same element identical/Distinct from other elements
- Different elements form compounds in fixed ratios
- Atoms rearrange to form compounds in chemical reactions

Question 11

Thomson’ s Atomic Model

Answer 11

“Plum Pudding”
- Divisible atom where negative electrons were embedded in a positively charged sphere

Question 12

Thomson’s Experiment

Answer 12

Observation 1: A glowing ray appeared regardless of type of metal used
Conclusion 1: All atoms must have whatever particles in the ray; atoms can be divided

Observation 2: Ray reacted magnets (attracted to +)
Conclusion 2: Particles have a negative charge

Observation 3: Ray made pinwheel spin
Conclusion 3: Particles in ray are solid objects

Question 13

Rutherford’s Model

Answer 13

“Beehive”
- Positive nucleus containing protons surrounded electrons (in any fashion)

Question 14

Rutherford Experiment

Answer 14

Observation 1: Almost all alpha particles passed through the gold foil
Conclusion: Atoms are mostly empty space

Observation 2: Some alpha particles were deflected from their course
Conclusion 2: Since alpha particles are positive, there must be a positive charge on atom

Observation 3: A very small amount of alpha particles were deflected at extreme (large) angles - almost rebounding
Conclusion 3: Positive charge must be concentrated in very small space

Question 15

Bohr’s Sun & Planet Model

Answer 15

“Planetary Model”
- Orbits correspond to energy levels (shells)
- Energy gain (Electron jump further in orbit)
- Energy loss (Electron falls closer & emits light)

Question 16

Rutherford-Bohr Atomic Model

Answer 16

• Nucleus (# of protons)
• Electrons in shells with indication of # of electrons on each by dots

6p+)2e-)4e-)

Question 17

Properties of Metal Elements

Answer 17

• Solid (except Mercury)
• Shiny
• Malleable & Ductile
• Conducts electricity & heat
• High Melting Point
• Reactivity with acids (produces gas)
• Gives up electrons easily (positive)

Question 18

Properties of Non-Metals

Answer 18

• Mostly gas
• Dull
• Brittle
• Cannot conduct electricity nor heat
• Low melting point
• No reaction to acids
• Accepts electrons easily