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Perputuation Of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Cell (2)

A

Basic Unit of Life
Only seen under microscope

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2
Q

Cell Structure (main 3)

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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3
Q

Cell membrane description (3)

A

Flexible
Surrounds the cell
Controls what enters and exits the cell (through osmosis and diffusion)

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4
Q

Cytoplasm description (3)

A

Gelatinous fluid (denser than water)
Inside the cell membrane
Holds the organelles in place

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5
Q

Nucleus description (4)

A

Darker colour under microscope
Controls dell activities (growth, cell reproduction, creates substances, etc.)
Contains chromosomes made up of DNA
Surrounded by nuclear membrane

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6
Q

DNA description (5)

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix
Makes up chromosomes
Made up of backbone & nitrogenous bases
Divides into genes

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7
Q

Name the nitrogenous bases and pairings

A

Adenine (A) - Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)

Held by a weak hydrogen bond

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8
Q

Name the backbone molecules and placement

A

Deoxyribose sugar —> holds the bases
Phosphate —> holds the deoxyribose sugar together

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9
Q

Define genes (5)

A

Segments of DNA
Contains info needed to make protein (the protein Carrie’s out specific jobs)
Human genome has 25000 genes
Makes diversity possible
Made up of variable number of nucleotide pairs

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10
Q

Define genetic diversity (3)

A

Lots of genes = different combinations of genes
Genetic diversity in a species occurs due to all the possible combinations of genes
Longer chance of survival with more diversity
Sexual reproduction increases diversity

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11
Q

How does sexual reproduction help with genetic diversity

A

Half of genes comes from the father and the other from mother (different genes come together for each birth)

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12
Q

What is special about the 23rd chromosome pair?

A

The 23rd park is the reproductive chromosomes. In women, they are homologous (XX). In men, they are different (XY)

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13
Q

Description of chromosomes (1)

A

46 chromosomes in humans’ cells (not sex cells) - 23 pairs of chromosomes
Sex cells only have 23 chromosomes

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14
Q

Diploid

A

Somatic cell - 2n
A pair of chromosomes

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15
Q

Haploid cells

A

Reproductive cells - gametes - ova or spermatozoa
Single copy of each chromosomes

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16
Q

Definition cell division (2)

A

A process that allows for new cells to be produced
This is a type of asexual reproduction — daughters are identical to mother cell

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17
Q

Why cell division? (3)

A

To grow — increase # of cells in organisms
Regenerate or replace dead or dying cells
Sexual reproduction possible (meiosis)

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18
Q

Interphase definition

A

When cells are not dividing which is most of the time

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19
Q

DNA replication description

A

End of interphase, before cell division
In nucleus

Steps:
Double helix un winds and splits
Identical strands of DNA will be created (backbone and bases)

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20
Q

Difference in chromosomes and chromatids

A

1 chromosomes - 1 Centromere = 1 chromosome after replication
1 chromatid - rod = 2 chromatid after replication

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21
Q

Mitosis definition

A

Original cell produces 2 identical daughter cells

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22
Q

Steps of Mitosis

A

P - Prophase
M - Metaphase
A - Anaphase
T - Telophase

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23
Q

Description of Prophase in Mitosis (4)

A

Phase 1
DNA strands coil and condense to form chromosomes
Nuclear membrane starts to disappear

Centrioles move to opposite ends and form spindle fibres

24
Q

Description of Metaphase of Mitosis (3)

A

Phase 2
Nuclear membrane is no longer present
Chromosomes align in middle of cell

25
Q

Description Anaphase of Mitosis (3)

A

Phase 3
Spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart from one another
Half going to opposite ends

26
Q

Description Telophase of Mitosis (4)

A

Phase 4
Two nuclear membrane form
DNA uncoils and separates into strands
Organelle and cytoplasm are divided evenly
Spindle fibres disappear

27
Q

Cytokinesis description

A

Cell constricts and officially divides into 2 creating two 2n cells identical

28
Q

Meiosis definition (3)

A

Type of cell division
Form of asexual reproduction but produces the sex cells to reproduce
Results in 4 non-identical daughter cells with half of the number of chromosomes of parent cell

29
Q

Difference in daughter cells of ova and spermatozoa

A

All four daughter cells are sperms while for ova, there’s only one viable and the rest are polar bodies

30
Q

Meiosis Parent cells

A

The parent cell in meiosis starts as a diploid (2n) and contains 46 chromosomes

31
Q

Steps of Meiosis

A

P - Prophase I
M - Metaphase I
A - Anaphase I
T - Telophase I
P - Prophase II
M - Metaphase II
A - Anaphase II
T - Telophase II
Cytokinese

32
Q

Meiosis first division

A

Prophase I - condenses in the center (2n)
Metaphase I - the pairs over lap each other & the chromosomes cross over (2n)
Anaphase I - chromosomes are pulled apart with each chromosomes having 2 chromatids (1n)
Telophase I - once separated they become new daughters

33
Q

Meiosis second division

A

Prophase II - the chromosomes rejoin in the Center
Metaphase II - line up
Anaphase II - chromosomes are split up by chromatid
Telophase II - DNA uncoils
Cytokinesis - officially becomes 4 haploid daughter cells

34
Q

Define fertilization

A

The fusion of genetic material from a spermatozoon with that of an ovum and create a zygote (n+n=2n)

35
Q

Define cellular specialization

A

When a “normal” cell becomes a specialized cell and undergoes specific tasks

36
Q

Order of organisms making up each other

A

Cells — Tissues — Organs — Organ systems — Organism

37
Q

Define tissue

A

Groups of similar cells that have a common structure and function

38
Q

Name the four types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nerve tissue
Muscle tissue

39
Q

Description of epithelial tissue

A

Covers and protects organs both inside and outside of the body
Secretes, absorbs and filters substances

Ex: skin, kidneys, sweat glands, stomach

40
Q

Description of connective tissue

A

Binds and supports tissue and organs to provide them with protection and nutrients
Most abundant tissue

Ex: cartilage tissue, bone tissu, blood tissue, fatty tissue

41
Q

Nerve tissue description

A

Helps control and guide activity making it possible for messages to be received, processed and transmitted between the brain and other parts of the body

Ex: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

42
Q

Muscle tissue description

A

Can contract and regain its shape like a spring making it possible for the body to move
Can be controlled voluntarily (when we move) or involuntarily (when heart beats)

3 type:
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

43
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue description

A

Makes up the muscle that are attached to bones

44
Q

Smooth muscle tissue description

A

Makes up the lining of the organs that contract like the stomach, bladder, uterus and some blood vessels

45
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue description

A

Muscle tissue found only in the heart

46
Q

Organs definiton

A

Organs or structures that are made up of two or more tissue types that perform one or more specific functions

Ex: stomach (made up of epithelial, connective muscle and nerve tissue), heart, lungs, brain, skin, etc.

47
Q

Organ systems

A

A group of organs and tissues working together to accomplish a common function

Ex: The stomach works together with the intestine, esophagus and other organs making up the digestive system

48
Q

Cardiovascular system description

A

Circulates blood, transports nutrients to cells and eliminates waste

49
Q

Name all organ system in the body

A

Cardiovascular system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Excretory system
Lymphatic system
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Respiratory system

50
Q

Digestive system description

A

Breaks down and absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste

51
Q

Endocrine system description

A

Uses hormones to control organ performance

52
Q

Excretory system description

A

Ensures the bodies waste is excreted

53
Q

Lymphatic system description

A

Works with the immune system to protect the body against foreign microorganisms

54
Q

Musculoskeletal system description

A

Provides the body with support and mobility

55
Q

Nervous system description

A

Controls the entire organism (thoughts, decision, memories)
Relays information to various body parts and interact with the environment through sensory organs

56
Q

Reproductive system description

A

Enables sexual reproduction

57
Q

Respiratory system description

A

Helps the body absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide

Science (12 decks)

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