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Perputuation Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cell (2)

A

Basic Unit of Life
Only seen under microscope

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2
Q

Cell Structure (main 3)

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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3
Q

Cell membrane description (3)

A

Flexible
Surrounds the cell
Controls what enters and exits the cell (through osmosis and diffusion)

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4
Q

Cytoplasm description (3)

A

Gelatinous fluid (denser than water)
Inside the cell membrane
Holds the organelles in place

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5
Q

Nucleus description (4)

A

Darker colour under microscope
Controls dell activities (growth, cell reproduction, creates substances, etc.)
Contains chromosomes made up of DNA
Surrounded by nuclear membrane

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6
Q

DNA description (5)

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix
Makes up chromosomes
Made up of backbone & nitrogenous bases
Divides into genes

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7
Q

Name the nitrogenous bases and pairings

A

Adenine (A) - Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)

Held by a weak hydrogen bond

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8
Q

Name the backbone molecules and placement

A

Deoxyribose sugar —> holds the bases
Phosphate —> holds the deoxyribose sugar together

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9
Q

Define genes (5)

A

Segments of DNA
Contains info needed to make protein (the protein Carrie’s out specific jobs)
Human genome has 25000 genes
Makes diversity possible
Made up of variable number of nucleotide pairs

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10
Q

Define genetic diversity (3)

A

Lots of genes = different combinations of genes
Genetic diversity in a species occurs due to all the possible combinations of genes
Longer chance of survival with more diversity
Sexual reproduction increases diversity

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11
Q

How does sexual reproduction help with genetic diversity

A

Half of genes comes from the father and the other from mother (different genes come together for each birth)

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12
Q

What is special about the 23rd chromosome pair?

A

The 23rd park is the reproductive chromosomes. In women, they are homologous (XX). In men, they are different (XY)

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13
Q

Description of chromosomes (1)

A

46 chromosomes in humans’ cells (not sex cells) - 23 pairs of chromosomes
Sex cells only have 23 chromosomes

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14
Q

Diploid

A

Somatic cell - 2n
A pair of chromosomes

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15
Q

Haploid cells

A

Reproductive cells - gametes - ova or spermatozoa
Single copy of each chromosomes

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16
Q

Definition cell division (2)

A

A process that allows for new cells to be produced
This is a type of asexual reproduction — daughters are identical to mother cell

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17
Q

Why cell division? (3)

A

To grow — increase # of cells in organisms
Regenerate or replace dead or dying cells
Sexual reproduction possible (meiosis)

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18
Q

Interphase definition

A

When cells are not dividing which is most of the time

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19
Q

DNA replication description

A

End of interphase, before cell division
In nucleus

Steps:
Double helix un winds and splits
Identical strands of DNA will be created (backbone and bases)

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20
Q

Difference in chromosomes and chromatids

A

1 chromosomes - 1 Centromere = 1 chromosome after replication
1 chromatid - rod = 2 chromatid after replication

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21
Q

Mitosis definition

A

Original cell produces 2 identical daughter cells

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22
Q

Steps of Mitosis

A

P - Prophase
M - Metaphase
A - Anaphase
T - Telophase

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23
Q

Description of Prophase in Mitosis (4)

A

Phase 1
DNA strands coil and condense to form chromosomes
Nuclear membrane starts to disappear

Centrioles move to opposite ends and form spindle fibres

24
Q

Description of Metaphase of Mitosis (3)

A

Phase 2
Nuclear membrane is no longer present
Chromosomes align in middle of cell

25
Description Anaphase of Mitosis (3)
Phase 3 Spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart from one another Half going to opposite ends
26
Description Telophase of Mitosis (4)
Phase 4 Two nuclear membrane form DNA uncoils and separates into strands Organelle and cytoplasm are divided evenly Spindle fibres disappear
27
Cytokinesis description
Cell constricts and officially divides into 2 creating two 2n cells identical
28
Meiosis definition (3)
Type of cell division Form of asexual reproduction but produces the sex cells to reproduce Results in 4 non-identical daughter cells with half of the number of chromosomes of parent cell
29
Difference in daughter cells of ova and spermatozoa
All four daughter cells are sperms while for ova, there’s only one viable and the rest are polar bodies
30
Meiosis Parent cells
The parent cell in meiosis starts as a diploid (2n) and contains 46 chromosomes
31
Steps of Meiosis
P - Prophase I M - Metaphase I A - Anaphase I T - Telophase I P - Prophase II M - Metaphase II A - Anaphase II T - Telophase II Cytokinese
32
Meiosis first division
Prophase I - condenses in the center (2n) Metaphase I - the pairs over lap each other & the chromosomes cross over (2n) Anaphase I - chromosomes are pulled apart with each chromosomes having 2 chromatids (1n) Telophase I - once separated they become new daughters
33
Meiosis second division
Prophase II - the chromosomes rejoin in the Center Metaphase II - line up Anaphase II - chromosomes are split up by chromatid Telophase II - DNA uncoils Cytokinesis - officially becomes 4 haploid daughter cells
34
Define fertilization
The fusion of genetic material from a spermatozoon with that of an ovum and create a zygote (n+n=2n)
35
Define cellular specialization
When a “normal” cell becomes a specialized cell and undergoes specific tasks
36
Order of organisms making up each other
Cells — Tissues — Organs — Organ systems — Organism
37
Define tissue
Groups of similar cells that have a common structure and function
38
Name the four types of tissue
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nerve tissue Muscle tissue
39
Description of epithelial tissue
Covers and protects organs both inside and outside of the body Secretes, absorbs and filters substances Ex: skin, kidneys, sweat glands, stomach
40
Description of connective tissue
Binds and supports tissue and organs to provide them with protection and nutrients Most abundant tissue Ex: cartilage tissue, bone tissu, blood tissue, fatty tissue
41
Nerve tissue description
Helps control and guide activity making it possible for messages to be received, processed and transmitted between the brain and other parts of the body Ex: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
42
Muscle tissue description
Can contract and regain its shape like a spring making it possible for the body to move Can be controlled voluntarily (when we move) or involuntarily (when heart beats) 3 type: Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
43
Skeletal muscle tissue description
Makes up the muscle that are attached to bones
44
Smooth muscle tissue description
Makes up the lining of the organs that contract like the stomach, bladder, uterus and some blood vessels
45
Cardiac muscle tissue description
Muscle tissue found only in the heart
46
Organs definiton
Organs or structures that are made up of two or more tissue types that perform one or more specific functions Ex: stomach (made up of epithelial, connective muscle and nerve tissue), heart, lungs, brain, skin, etc.
47
Organ systems
A group of organs and tissues working together to accomplish a common function Ex: The stomach works together with the intestine, esophagus and other organs making up the digestive system
48
Cardiovascular system description
Circulates blood, transports nutrients to cells and eliminates waste
49
Name all organ system in the body
Cardiovascular system Digestive system Endocrine system Excretory system Lymphatic system Musculoskeletal system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system
50
Digestive system description
Breaks down and absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste
51
Endocrine system description
Uses hormones to control organ performance
52
Excretory system description
Ensures the bodies waste is excreted
53
Lymphatic system description
Works with the immune system to protect the body against foreign microorganisms
54
Musculoskeletal system description
Provides the body with support and mobility
55
Nervous system description
Controls the entire organism (thoughts, decision, memories) Relays information to various body parts and interact with the environment through sensory organs
56
Reproductive system description
Enables sexual reproduction
57
Respiratory system description
Helps the body absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide

Science (12 decks)

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