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1
Q

Definition rock

A

A mixture of minerals, found in the Earth’s lithosphere. Usually solid

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2
Q

Types of rocks found in lithosphere

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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3
Q

Igneous rock definition

A

Formed from cooled magma (beneath the surface) or lava (on the surface)

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4
Q

Most common rock

A

Igneous

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5
Q

Extrusive igneous rock formation

A

Formed on Earth’s surface, usually during volcanic eruption

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6
Q

Description of Extrusive igneous rock

A

Glassy or fine-grained structure (lava cooled quickly). Minerals inside didn’t have enough time to form large gains or crystals

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7
Q

Intrusive igneous rock formation

A

Formed inside lithosphere. Pocket of magma rising but never reaches surface and cools slowly.

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8
Q

Description of intrusive igneous rock

A

Slow cooling causes large crystals in rock

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9
Q

Sedimentary rock definition

A

Created when sediments gradually accumulate. Various sizes. Come from eroded rocks or living organisms like shells or skeletons.

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10
Q

Clastic sedimentary rock

A

Rock wears down and disintegrate due to erosion (usually water). Over time, bits of rock accumulate at bottom of water and becomes compacted and fused together, forming new rocks

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11
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks formation

A

Formed through precipitation of substances in water. Substances become too concentrated in water and then they precipitate (ex: small puddle of sea water where the water evaporates, leaves salt crystals)

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12
Q

Metamorphic rock definition

A

Formed due to transformation caused by heat or pressure in lithosphere

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13
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

A change from one rock to another when it comes into contact with magma. Heat released by cooling magma, causes surrounding rock to transform into metamorphic rocks

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14
Q

Regional metamorphism

A

Formed due to the movement of tectonic plates; pressure of tectonic plates colliding causes rock to transform and fold

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15
Q

Description of sedimentary rock

A

Form in layers.

Fossils are found here when animal’s remains get trapped in sediments

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16
Q

Description of regional metamorphism

A

Identified by the waves and folds

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17
Q

Rock cycle:

Sedimentary to metamorphic

A

Changed by heat, pressure and/or chemical action

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18
Q

Rock cycle:

Sedimentary rock to igneous

A

Changes into metamorphic which ends up melting into magma and magma solidifies

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19
Q

Rock cycle:

Metamorphic to sedimentary

A

Weathering and erosion

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20
Q

Rock cycle:

Igneous to sedimentary

A

Weathering and erosion

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21
Q

Rock cycle:

Igneous to metamorphic

A

Changes by heat, pressure and/or chemical action

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22
Q

Rock cycle:

Metamorphic to igneous

A

Melts into magma and solidifies

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23
Q

Difference between a mineral and rock

A

Minerals are pure substances and have characteristic properties (crystal, colour, etc.) while rock are made of several different minerals

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24
Q

Definition of minerals

A

Solid, natural, homogeneous substance. Specific chemical makeup and a regular atomic structure. Components of rocks

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25
Characteristics to determine of minerals
``` Luster Color of the solid Streak color Hardness Magnetism Effervescence ```
26
Definition of luster
Property of minerals that shows how much or how well the surface reflects light.
27
Options of luster
Metallic | Non-metallic
28
Description of metallic
Metal or rusty
29
Options of non-metallic
Pearly - shell Glassy - glass Oily - coated in a layer of dust or oil
30
Description of luster
Dull
31
Definition of colour solid
Difficult to tell what colour a mineral is. Some minerals have a very distinct colour. Others vary in colour because they contain impurities. Experts break minerals to determine their “true colour” since the inside may not be altered (less likely)
32
Definition of streak colour
Mineral rubbed against non-enamelled ceramic, leaves a streak behind like a crayon, some leave a distinct colour
33
Definition of hardness
Resistance of mineral to scratching on Moh’s Hardness Scale. Starts from lowest scratching to hardest.
34
Definition Magnetism
To determine if mineral is magnetic attract the magnet or if it acts like a magnet to attract other objects.
35
Effervescence
Mineral reacts to acid. If reacts, bubbles form. Hydrogen chloride (HCl), acid foam will rise up - vigorous and sudden.
36
Crystal Shape
Generally, the crystals form in same shape | Crystals can identify a mineral. Shaped like polyhedra meaning surrounded by polygons
37
Connection between streak colour and lustre
Non-metallic lustre leaves white colour streak while metallic lustre varies in colour
38
Definition of soil
Thin, loose layer on top of Earth’s crust. Found on top of parent rock. Contains almost all organic matter.
39
Creation of soil
Parent rock wears away because of erosion (water or wind) Pieces of rocks and minerals carried away and gradually accumulate creating soil Soil forms slowly so new soil is thin. Old is thick because particles have longer time to accumulate
40
Definition Humus
Surface layer with plenty or organic matter. Dark colour usually due to matter. Soaks up and retains water easily. Forests usually has a lot of this
41
Classification of soil
Clay Loam Sand Gravel
42
Description of clay
Particles stay stuck together, little space for air and water to circulate. Smallest soil material (less than 0.002mm) and soaks up water quickly.
43
Description of loamy
Made of loam. Particles stick together but it crumbled into small pieces if it’s disturbed. Particles are between 0.002-0.5mm. Erodes more easily than clay and air and water can get around particles easily. Let’s water drain easily
44
Description of sandy
Mostly sand. Particles do not stick together, slips through fingers easily. Particles are between 0.05-2mm, allowing more air or water go through. Allows water but does not hold water.
45
Description of gravel
Contains largest soil particles (larger than 2mm). Does not hold water
46
Soil for agriculture
A mix of clay, loam and sand particles and organic matter.
47
Definition of energy
Capacity to produce change. | Causes a variety of natural phenomena to occur.
48
Definition of natural energy
Energy coming from renewable energy
49
Definition of solar energy
Energy coming from sun Necessary for life to exist on Earth Base of food chain
50
Sun causes what
Water cycle Photosynthesis Wind
51
Definition of wind
Movement of air caused by Earth’s rotation as well as pressure differences between two air masses
52
Creation of wind
When temp in air increases, occupies more volume and pressure drops. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure. (Cold to Hot)
53
Earth’s rotation is responsible for what with winds
For it’s “twister” shape. Allows it not to go in a straight line.
54
Types of clouds
Cirrus Stratus Cumulus
55
Description Cirrus
7000m to 10,000m above sea level Long and wispy Signal that weather is likely to change (airplanes).
56
Description of Stratus
Low-hanging Thick layer a few hundred metres thick Produced mist or snow
57
Description of cumulus
Visible during nice weather Thick and well-defined borders Looks like cauliflower heads
58
Description Cumulonimbus clouds
Storm cloud Large, flat tops, looks like anvils Storms happen when gets too big. Produced lightning, thunder, heavy rain or hail, strong winds and even tornadoes
59
Description of tornadoes
Funnel-shaped column of air swirls rapidly Winds are the fastest on the planet (more 480km) Under giant storms Mostly in US
60
Description of hurricanes
Giant, funnel-shaped storms with extremely violent winds. Formed from groups of storms on either side of equator. Storms start to rotate together (tropical storms. Once tropical storms exceed 119km/h = hurricanes.
61
Definition renewable energy resource
An energy source that replenishes naturally and is abundant enough that it can be used continuously more or less forever.
62
Lists of renewable energy
``` Solar Wind Hydraulic Biomass Geothermal ```
63
Description of solar energy
Created when sun’s rays heat water found inside of thermal solar panels Photovoltaic panels transforms the Sun’s rays into electricity Source:Sun
64
Description of wind energy
Wind turbine transform wind energy into electricity. Turbines are machines with wheels that spin as gases or fluids move through them, generating power Source: wind
65
Description of geothermal energy
Some areas, magma rises close to surface. Water travels to Earth’s interior via fissures or faults heat up. This water can rise back up to the surface as water vapour or jets of boiling water (geysers). This types of energy can also be harnessed to heat buildings by digging holes into ground. Source: Earth’s internal heat
66
Description biomass
Plants gather their energy directly from Sun’s rays using photosynthesis. Allows plants to create organic matter. Animals benefit from energy (eating). Biomass is a term to describe all living matter that can become a source of energy .
67
Definition non-renewable energy
Resource that does not replenish naturally or it replenishes more slowly than it’s being consumed
68
Description Nuclear energy
Some elements releases high-energy rays known as radioactivity. (Uranium) Use reactions of fission of uranium to generate electricity in nuclear reactors. Source: radioactive elements
69
Description of fossil energy
Trapped in sedimentary rock (bottom of oceans or continents). Long process that turns organic matter into mineral substances. Organic becomes trapped underground and can gradually become coal, oil or natural gas due to compression, bacteria in the soil and accumulation of debris. Takes millions of years to form Source: carbon, oil and natural gas
70
Why is uranium a non-renewable resource
Found in low concentration - difficult to mine | Easily accessible sources run out quickly
71
How is solar energy the root of almost all meteorological events
Solar causes water to evaporate. When water condenses, it releases energy which increases air temp.
72
Air masses move during day and night
Day: Water to ground since ground is warmed up by the sun while water is cool. Night: Ground to water since water releases the heat stored.

Science (12 decks)

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