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Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition rock

A

A mixture of minerals, found in the Earth’s lithosphere. Usually solid

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2
Q

Types of rocks found in lithosphere

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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3
Q

Igneous rock definition

A

Formed from cooled magma (beneath the surface) or lava (on the surface)

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4
Q

Most common rock

A

Igneous

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5
Q

Extrusive igneous rock formation

A

Formed on Earth’s surface, usually during volcanic eruption

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6
Q

Description of Extrusive igneous rock

A

Glassy or fine-grained structure (lava cooled quickly). Minerals inside didn’t have enough time to form large gains or crystals

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7
Q

Intrusive igneous rock formation

A

Formed inside lithosphere. Pocket of magma rising but never reaches surface and cools slowly.

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8
Q

Description of intrusive igneous rock

A

Slow cooling causes large crystals in rock

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9
Q

Sedimentary rock definition

A

Created when sediments gradually accumulate. Various sizes. Come from eroded rocks or living organisms like shells or skeletons.

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10
Q

Clastic sedimentary rock

A

Rock wears down and disintegrate due to erosion (usually water). Over time, bits of rock accumulate at bottom of water and becomes compacted and fused together, forming new rocks

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11
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks formation

A

Formed through precipitation of substances in water. Substances become too concentrated in water and then they precipitate (ex: small puddle of sea water where the water evaporates, leaves salt crystals)

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12
Q

Metamorphic rock definition

A

Formed due to transformation caused by heat or pressure in lithosphere

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13
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

A change from one rock to another when it comes into contact with magma. Heat released by cooling magma, causes surrounding rock to transform into metamorphic rocks

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14
Q

Regional metamorphism

A

Formed due to the movement of tectonic plates; pressure of tectonic plates colliding causes rock to transform and fold

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15
Q

Description of sedimentary rock

A

Form in layers.

Fossils are found here when animal’s remains get trapped in sediments

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16
Q

Description of regional metamorphism

A

Identified by the waves and folds

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17
Q

Rock cycle:

Sedimentary to metamorphic

A

Changed by heat, pressure and/or chemical action

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18
Q

Rock cycle:

Sedimentary rock to igneous

A

Changes into metamorphic which ends up melting into magma and magma solidifies

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19
Q

Rock cycle:

Metamorphic to sedimentary

A

Weathering and erosion

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20
Q

Rock cycle:

Igneous to sedimentary

A

Weathering and erosion

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21
Q

Rock cycle:

Igneous to metamorphic

A

Changes by heat, pressure and/or chemical action

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22
Q

Rock cycle:

Metamorphic to igneous

A

Melts into magma and solidifies

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23
Q

Difference between a mineral and rock

A

Minerals are pure substances and have characteristic properties (crystal, colour, etc.) while rock are made of several different minerals

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24
Q

Definition of minerals

A

Solid, natural, homogeneous substance. Specific chemical makeup and a regular atomic structure. Components of rocks

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25
Q

Characteristics to determine of minerals

A 
Luster
Color of the solid
Streak color
Hardness
Magnetism
Effervescence
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26
Q

Definition of luster

A

Property of minerals that shows how much or how well the surface reflects light.

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27
Q

Options of luster

A

Metallic

Non-metallic

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28
Q

Description of metallic

A

Metal or rusty

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29
Q

Options of non-metallic

A

Pearly - shell
Glassy - glass
Oily - coated in a layer of dust or oil

30
Q

Description of luster

A

Dull

31
Q

Definition of colour solid

A

Difficult to tell what colour a mineral is. Some minerals have a very distinct colour. Others vary in colour because they contain impurities. Experts break minerals to determine their “true colour” since the inside may not be altered (less likely)

32
Q

Definition of streak colour

A

Mineral rubbed against non-enamelled ceramic, leaves a streak behind like a crayon, some leave a distinct colour

33
Q

Definition of hardness

A

Resistance of mineral to scratching on Moh’s Hardness Scale. Starts from lowest scratching to hardest.

34
Q

Definition Magnetism

A

To determine if mineral is magnetic attract the magnet or if it acts like a magnet to attract other objects.

35
Q

Effervescence

A

Mineral reacts to acid. If reacts, bubbles form. Hydrogen chloride (HCl), acid foam will rise up - vigorous and sudden.

36
Q

Crystal Shape

A

Generally, the crystals form in same shape

Crystals can identify a mineral. Shaped like polyhedra meaning surrounded by polygons

37
Q

Connection between streak colour and lustre

A

Non-metallic lustre leaves white colour streak while metallic lustre varies in colour

38
Q

Definition of soil

A

Thin, loose layer on top of Earth’s crust. Found on top of parent rock. Contains almost all organic matter.

39
Q

Creation of soil

A

Parent rock wears away because of erosion (water or wind)
Pieces of rocks and minerals carried away and gradually accumulate creating soil
Soil forms slowly so new soil is thin. Old is thick because particles have longer time to accumulate

40
Q

Definition Humus

A

Surface layer with plenty or organic matter. Dark colour usually due to matter. Soaks up and retains water easily. Forests usually has a lot of this

41
Q

Classification of soil

A

Clay
Loam
Sand
Gravel

42
Q

Description of clay

A

Particles stay stuck together, little space for air and water to circulate. Smallest soil material (less than 0.002mm) and soaks up water quickly.

43
Q

Description of loamy

A

Made of loam. Particles stick together but it crumbled into small pieces if it’s disturbed. Particles are between 0.002-0.5mm. Erodes more easily than clay and air and water can get around particles easily. Let’s water drain easily

44
Q

Description of sandy

A

Mostly sand. Particles do not stick together, slips through fingers easily. Particles are between 0.05-2mm, allowing more air or water go through. Allows water but does not hold water.

45
Q

Description of gravel

A

Contains largest soil particles (larger than 2mm). Does not hold water

46
Q

Soil for agriculture

A

A mix of clay, loam and sand particles and organic matter.

47
Q

Definition of energy

A

Capacity to produce change.

Causes a variety of natural phenomena to occur.

48
Q

Definition of natural energy

A

Energy coming from renewable energy

49
Q

Definition of solar energy

A

Energy coming from sun
Necessary for life to exist on Earth
Base of food chain

50
Q

Sun causes what

A

Water cycle
Photosynthesis
Wind

51
Q

Definition of wind

A

Movement of air caused by Earth’s rotation as well as pressure differences between two air masses

52
Q

Creation of wind

A

When temp in air increases, occupies more volume and pressure drops. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure. (Cold to Hot)

53
Q

Earth’s rotation is responsible for what with winds

A

For it’s “twister” shape. Allows it not to go in a straight line.

54
Q

Types of clouds

A

Cirrus
Stratus
Cumulus

55
Q

Description Cirrus

A

7000m to 10,000m above sea level
Long and wispy
Signal that weather is likely to change (airplanes).

56
Q

Description of Stratus

A

Low-hanging
Thick layer a few hundred metres thick
Produced mist or snow

57
Q

Description of cumulus

A

Visible during nice weather
Thick and well-defined borders
Looks like cauliflower heads

58
Q

Description Cumulonimbus clouds

A

Storm cloud
Large, flat tops, looks like anvils
Storms happen when gets too big. Produced lightning, thunder, heavy rain or hail, strong winds and even tornadoes

59
Q

Description of tornadoes

A

Funnel-shaped column of air swirls rapidly
Winds are the fastest on the planet (more 480km)
Under giant storms
Mostly in US

60
Q

Description of hurricanes

A

Giant, funnel-shaped storms with extremely violent winds.
Formed from groups of storms on either side of equator. Storms start to rotate together (tropical storms. Once tropical storms exceed 119km/h = hurricanes.

61
Q

Definition renewable energy resource

A

An energy source that replenishes naturally and is abundant enough that it can be used continuously more or less forever.

62
Q

Lists of renewable energy

A 
Solar
Wind
Hydraulic
Biomass
Geothermal
63
Q

Description of solar energy

A

Created when sun’s rays heat water found inside of thermal solar panels
Photovoltaic panels transforms the Sun’s rays into electricity
Source:Sun

64
Q

Description of wind energy

A

Wind turbine transform wind energy into electricity. Turbines are machines with wheels that spin as gases or fluids move through them, generating power
Source: wind

65
Q

Description of geothermal energy

A

Some areas, magma rises close to surface. Water travels to Earth’s interior via fissures or faults heat up. This water can rise back up to the surface as water vapour or jets of boiling water (geysers).
This types of energy can also be harnessed to heat buildings by digging holes into ground.
Source: Earth’s internal heat

66
Q

Description biomass

A

Plants gather their energy directly from Sun’s rays using photosynthesis. Allows plants to create organic matter. Animals benefit from energy (eating). Biomass is a term to describe all living matter that can become a source of energy .

67
Q

Definition non-renewable energy

A

Resource that does not replenish naturally or it replenishes more slowly than it’s being consumed

68
Q

Description Nuclear energy

A

Some elements releases high-energy rays known as radioactivity. (Uranium)
Use reactions of fission of uranium to generate electricity in nuclear reactors.
Source: radioactive elements

69
Q

Description of fossil energy

A

Trapped in sedimentary rock (bottom of oceans or continents).
Long process that turns organic matter into mineral substances.
Organic becomes trapped underground and can gradually become coal, oil or natural gas due to compression, bacteria in the soil and accumulation of debris.
Takes millions of years to form
Source: carbon, oil and natural gas

70
Q

Why is uranium a non-renewable resource

A

Found in low concentration - difficult to mine

Easily accessible sources run out quickly

71
Q

How is solar energy the root of almost all meteorological events

A

Solar causes water to evaporate. When water condenses, it releases energy which increases air temp.

72
Q

Air masses move during day and night

A

Day:
Water to ground since ground is warmed up by the sun while water is cool.
Night:
Ground to water since water releases the heat stored.

Science (12 decks)

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