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ANP Final - Will > Unit 6 2 > Flashcards

Unit 6 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average charge inside a neuron?

A

Roughly -70 mV

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2
Q

What ion is primarily found inside the neuron?

A

K+

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3
Q

What leaky channels are “more leaky”?

A

The K+ outflow channels are more leaky than the Na+ inflow channels.

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4
Q

What are gated channels? What are the two types of them?

A

Gated channels are channels that require a signal to open or close. They can be electrically gated or chemically gated.

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5
Q

What are the two types of potential?

A

Action potential and graded potential.

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6
Q

What happens to overall charge of a neuron when it depolarizes?

A

The charge goes up.

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7
Q

What does decremental movement of an ion mean?

A

It means the charge lessens the farther it gets from the graded potential site.

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8
Q

In which direction does a graded potential travel?

A

In all directions away from the site of the graded potential.

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9
Q

What are the two types of graded potential? Describe both.

A

Generator-receptor potentials are a response to an external stimulus where a separate receptor cell will send a chemical messenger to open channels, and postsynaptic potentials happen in the secondary and tertiary neurons and are the result of a chemical transmission in the synapse.

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10
Q

What is the average amplitude of an action potential? What does this make the neuron’s most positive charge?

A

The average amplitude is plus 100mV so the neuron cytoplasm in the area goes from -70mV to 30mV.

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11
Q

Where do action potentials happen?

A

In the axons of cells.

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12
Q

What kind of channels are found in axons?

A

Voltage gated channels.

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13
Q

What are the three channel changes in an action potential?

A

Increase in Na+ permeability, restoration of Na+ impermeability, increase in K+ permeability

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14
Q

What is the threshold (of excitation)?

A

-50 to -55 mV

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15
Q

What is associated with the turning point of an action potential?

A

The activation of the inactivation gate of the Na+ channel.

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16
Q

Why would a cell hyperpolarize?

A

K+ pumps are slow to close.

17
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

It is a period where neurons are incapable of firing after a spike. The Na+ gates are already open.

18
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

It is the period during/slightly before hyperpolarization. Na gates are closed but K gates are still open. A very strong stimulus could still fire an AP.

19
Q

Why is an action potential said to propagate not conduct?

A

It is being recreated at different intervals. Not spread.

20
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheathe called?

A

The Nodes of Ranvier

21
Q

What keeps APs unidirectional?

A

The area behind the AP is hyperpolarized and therefore less likely to fire than the area in front of it.

22
Q

What mathematically describes the threshold (of excitation?)

A

K+ outflow = Na+ inflow. The next ion decides whether the axon hillock will fire or not.

23
Q

What two cell types are responsible for myelin sheathes?

A

Schwann’s cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS.

24
Q

What is the composition of myelin sheathes?

A

They are fatty and lipid rich.

25
Q

Define synapse

A

A junction between two neurons or a neuron and an effector.

26
Q

What synapses are associated with smooth muscle and gap junctions? Why?

A

Electrical synapses, they can be synchronized

27
Q

What is the other type of synapse?

A

Chemical synapse.

28
Q

How many NT molecules will be released per axon terminal?

A

Approximately 300

29
Q

What are the three ways a neurotransmitter will be terminated?

A

Degradation, reuptake, or diffusion

30
Q

Why is there a synaptic delay?

A

Synaptic communication is the slowest step of the neurotransmission.

31
Q

PSP stands for

A

Post synaptic potential

32
Q

What are the two types of PSP summation?

A

Temporal/Spatial. Temporal happens close in time at the same place, and spatial happens at the exact same time in different places.

33
Q

Where on the neuron are the most effective synapses?

A

Closest to the axon hillock.

34
Q

What are the two types of NT classification?

A

Chemical and Functional

35
Q

What are two types of neural circuit processing? Describe them.

A

Serial circuit processing and parallel processing. Serial is reflexes and immediate responses, and parallel processing involves thinking and interpretation.

36
Q

What are the 4 types of circuits?

A

Diverging, converging, reverberating, parallel after discharge current

ANP Final - Will (15 decks)

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